Term
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Definition
| Occurs when vascularised tissues activate mechanisms that coordinate the inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
Increases diameter of blood vessels causing a slowing of blood flow rate and increasing the volume of blood flow to the injured site
Allows increased numbers of inflammatory cells and chemicals to be present in the area of injury |
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Term
| Increased vascular permeability |
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Definition
Cells lining blood vessels move apart to allow intravascular contents to move into tissues
Leakage of fluid out of the vessel causes swelling at the site of injury
Causes blood in the microcirculation to become more viscous and flow more slowly
Increased blood volume and increased concentration of red blood cells at site of inflammation causes warmth and redness |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells adhere to inner walls of capillaries and migrate through enlarged junctions between endothelial cells lining vessels into surrounding tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Limits and controls tissue damage through influx of plasma protein systems and white blood cells which prevent inflammatory response spreading to healthy tissues
Prevents infection by contaminating microorganisms through the influx of fluid to dilute toxins produced by bacteria, the influx and activation of plasma protein systems that help destroy and contain bacteria and the influx of phagocytes that eat and destroy infectious agents
Initiates and promotes the adaptive immune response through influx of macrophages and lymphocytes and drainage of microbial antigens by lymphatic system
Initiates healing through removal of dead cells, bacteria and other products of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
Filled with granules and located in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels near body's outer surface
Basophils are found in blood and function same way as mast cells
Stimuli activate mast cells to release potent soluble inducers of inflammation which are released by degranulation and synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by bone marrow and most prevalent in white blood cells
Predominant phagocytes in early inflammation stage
Short lived at inflammatory site as they are mature cells and become a component of pus
Remove debris and dead cells and phagocytosis of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Monocytes - immature cells found in blood
Macrophages - mature cells found in tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Produced in bone marrow, enter circulation and migrate to inflammatory site where they develop into macrophages
Precursors of macrophages in the lungs and microglia of brain |
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Term
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Definition
Larger and more active as phagocytes
Enter site 24 hours after injury and gradually replace neutrophils
Can survive and divide in acidic inflammatory site
Bactericidal activity increases with help from inflammatory cytokines produced by cells of acquired immune system
Have cell surface receptors for cytokines and are further activated to become more effective killers of infectious microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
Two specific functions
1) serve as body's primary defence against parasites
2) help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Mast cells produce eosinophil chemotactic factor-A which attracts eosinophils to inflammation site |
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Term
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Definition
| Eosinophil lysosomes contain several enzymes that degrade vasoactive molecules, controlling vascular effects of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
Cytoplasmic fragments formed from mega karyocytes
Circulate in bloodstream until vascular injury, when they are activated by many products of tissue destruction and inflammation
Activation results in interaction with components of coagulation cascade to stop bleeding, degranulation which releases biochemical mediators such as serotonin which has vascular effects to histamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material, including microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Most important phagocytes are neutrophils and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation causes endothelial cell contraction, phagocytes produce surface molecules that increase adhesion between leucocytes and endothelial cells causing leucocytes to adhere to walls of capillaries and venules in a process called margination or pavementing |
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Term
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Definition
Involves five steps
1) adherence of phagocyte to its target
2) engulfment
3) formation of a phagosome
4) fusion of the phagosome with lysosomal granules within phagocyte
5) destruction of target |
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Term
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Definition
Vasoactive amine - action is on blood vessels
Causes temporary, rapid constriction of smooth muscle and dilation of post capillary venules, which results in increased blood flow into microcirculation
Causes increased vascular permeability from retraction of endothelial cells lining capilaries and increased adherence of leucocytes to endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
Released from mast cell granules
Diffuse from site of inflammation forming a gradient, causing directional movement of cells towards inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain neutrophil chemotactic factor and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
| Needed to kill bacteria in early stages of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Needed to help regulate inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
Sulfur containing lipids that produce histamine like effects
Smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability
Important during late stage of inflammation as they stimulate slower and more prolonged responses than histamines |
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Term
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Definition
Endothelial cells release nitric oxide
Causes vasodilation
Suppresses mast cell release of inflammatory molecules and decreases platelet adhesion and aggregation |
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Term
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Definition
Cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis and pain
E1 and E2 cause increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction
Enzyme COX and arachidonic acid block synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, thereby inhibiting inflammation |
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Term
| Platelet aggregating factor |
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Definition
Produced from a lipid of the phospholipid plasma membrane
Causes endothelial cell retraction to increase vascular permeability, leucocyte adhesion and platelet activation |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins that provide a means of communication for inflammatory and immune cells
Pro inflammatory or anti inflammatory
Molecules diffuse over short distances, bind to target cells and affect the function of the target cell |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to recognition or stimulation by other products of inflammation
Interleukin-1 is pro inflammatory, produced by macrophages
Endogenous pyrogens react with recepts on cells of hypothalamus and affects the body's thermostat, resulting in fever |
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Term
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Definition
Activates phagocytosis and lymphocytes enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity
Interleukin-6 produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and other cells
Induces hepatocytes to produce many proteins needed in inflammation
Stimulates growth and differentiation of precursors of blood cells in bone marrow and growth of fibroblasts |
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Term
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
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Definition
Macrophages secrete this in response to recognition of foreign material
Mast cells are crucial sources
Induces pro inflammatory responses - enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion resulting in increased adherence of neutrophils
Induces fever by acting as an endogenous pyrogen
Causes increased synthesis of inflammation related serum proteins by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
Contains a large number of proteins that constitute 10% of total circulating serum
Activated components can destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with every other component of inflammatory response
Opsonins: molecules that coat bacteria and increase susceptibility to being eaten and killed by inflammatory cells |
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Term
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Definition
Activated in three ways
1) Classical pathway: activated by proteins of acquired immune system (antibodies)
2) Lectin pathway: activated by certain bacterial carbohydrates
3) Alternative pathway: activated by gram negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides |
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Term
|
Definition
Forms a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site to:
1) form a clot to stop bleeding
2) trap infectious organisms and prevent their spread to adjacent tissues
3) keeps microorganisms and foreign substances at the site of greatest inflammatory cell activity
4) provides a framework for future repair and healing |
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Term
|
Definition
Interacts with coagulation system
Activated through factor X11
Final product is bradykinin
Bradykinin induces smooth muscle contraction more slowly than histamine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when vascularised tissues activate mechanisms that coordinate the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increases diameter of blood vessels causing a slowing of blood flow rate and increasing the volume of blood flow to the injured site
Allows increased numbers of inflammatory cells and chemicals to be present in the area of injury |
|
|
Term
| Increased vascular permeability |
|
Definition
Cells lining blood vessels move apart to allow intravascular contents to move into tissues
Leakage of fluid out of the vessel causes swelling at the site of injury
Causes blood in the microcirculation to become more viscous and flow more slowly
Increased blood volume and increased concentration of red blood cells at site of inflammation causes warmth and redness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White blood cells adhere to inner walls of capillaries and migrate through enlarged junctions between endothelial cells lining vessels into surrounding tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Limits and controls tissue damage through influx of plasma protein systems and white blood cells which prevent inflammatory response spreading to healthy tissues
Prevents infection by contaminating microorganisms through the influx of fluid to dilute toxins produced by bacteria, the influx and activation of plasma protein systems that help destroy and contain bacteria and the influx of phagocytes that eat and destroy infectious agents
Initiates and promotes the adaptive immune response through influx of macrophages and lymphocytes and drainage of microbial antigens by lymphatic system
Initiates healing through removal of dead cells, bacteria and other products of inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Filled with granules and located in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels near body's outer surface
Basophils are found in blood and function same way as mast cells
Stimuli activate mast cells to release potent soluble inducers of inflammation which are released by degranulation and synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced by bone marrow and most prevalent in white blood cells
Predominant phagocytes in early inflammation stage
Short lived at inflammatory site as they are mature cells and become a component of pus
Remove debris and dead cells and phagocytosis of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monocytes - immature cells found in blood
Macrophages - mature cells found in tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced in bone marrow, enter circulation and migrate to inflammatory site where they develop into macrophages
Precursors of macrophages in the lungs and microglia of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Larger and more active as phagocytes
Enter site 24 hours after injury and gradually replace neutrophils
Can survive and divide in acidic inflammatory site
Bactericidal activity increases with help from inflammatory cytokines produced by cells of acquired immune system
Have cell surface receptors for cytokines and are further activated to become more effective killers of infectious microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two specific functions
1) serve as body's primary defence against parasites
2) help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mast cells produce eosinophil chemotactic factor-A which attracts eosinophils to inflammation site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eosinophil lysosomes contain several enzymes that degrade vasoactive molecules, controlling vascular effects of inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytoplasmic fragments formed from mega karyocytes
Circulate in bloodstream until vascular injury, when they are activated by many products of tissue destruction and inflammation
Activation results in interaction with components of coagulation cascade to stop bleeding, degranulation which releases biochemical mediators such as serotonin which has vascular effects to histamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material, including microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most important phagocytes are neutrophils and macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation causes endothelial cell contraction, phagocytes produce surface molecules that increase adhesion between leucocytes and endothelial cells causing leucocytes to adhere to walls of capillaries and venules in a process called margination or pavementing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involves five steps
1) adherence of phagocyte to its target
2) engulfment
3) formation of a phagosome
4) fusion of the phagosome with lysosomal granules within phagocyte
5) destruction of target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vasoactive amine - action is on blood vessels
Causes temporary, rapid constriction of smooth muscle and dilation of post capillary venules, which results in increased blood flow into microcirculation
Causes increased vascular permeability from retraction of endothelial cells lining capilaries and increased adherence of leucocytes to endothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Released from mast cell granules
Diffuse from site of inflammation forming a gradient, causing directional movement of cells towards inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain neutrophil chemotactic factor and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Needed to kill bacteria in early stages of inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Needed to help regulate inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sulfur containing lipids that produce histamine like effects
Smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability
Important during late stage of inflammation as they stimulate slower and more prolonged responses than histamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endothelial cells release nitric oxide
Causes vasodilation
Suppresses mast cell release of inflammatory molecules and decreases platelet adhesion and aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis and pain
E1 and E2 cause increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction
Enzyme COX and arachidonic acid block synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, thereby inhibiting inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Platelet aggregating factor |
|
Definition
Produced from a lipid of the phospholipid plasma membrane
Causes endothelial cell retraction to increase vascular permeability, leucocyte adhesion and platelet activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteins that provide a means of communication for inflammatory and immune cells
Pro inflammatory or anti inflammatory
Molecules diffuse over short distances, bind to target cells and affect the function of the target cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to recognition or stimulation by other products of inflammation
Interleukin-1 is pro inflammatory, produced by macrophages
Endogenous pyrogens react with recepts on cells of hypothalamus and affects the body's thermostat, resulting in fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activates phagocytosis and lymphocytes enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity
Interleukin-6 produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and other cells
Induces hepatocytes to produce many proteins needed in inflammation
Stimulates growth and differentiation of precursors of blood cells in bone marrow and growth of fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
|
Definition
Macrophages secrete this in response to recognition of foreign material
Mast cells are crucial sources
Induces pro inflammatory responses - enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion resulting in increased adherence of neutrophils
Induces fever by acting as an endogenous pyrogen
Causes increased synthesis of inflammation related serum proteins by the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contains a large number of proteins that constitute 10% of total circulating serum
Activated components can destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with every other component of inflammatory response
Opsonins: molecules that coat bacteria and increase susceptibility to being eaten and killed by inflammatory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activated in three ways
1) Classical pathway: activated by proteins of acquired immune system (antibodies)
2) Lectin pathway: activated by certain bacterial carbohydrates
3) Alternative pathway: activated by gram negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forms a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site to:
1) form a clot to stop bleeding
2) trap infectious organisms and prevent their spread to adjacent tissues
3) keeps microorganisms and foreign substances at the site of greatest inflammatory cell activity
4) provides a framework for future repair and healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interacts with coagulation system
Activated through factor X11
Final product is bradykinin
Bradykinin induces smooth muscle contraction more slowly than histamine |
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