Term
| infiltration (cellular accumulations) |
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Definition
conditions where there is accumulation of either and abnormal substance or large amounts of normal substances in cells or tissues.
substances can accumulate inside cells (usually in lysosomes) or between them. |
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Term
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Definition
1.calcification
2.hemoglobin and Hb-derived pigments
3.amyloid
4.glycogen
5.melanin
6.lipopigments
7.cholesterol
8.carbon
9.tetracyclines
10.copper |
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Term
| infiltration: calcification (types) |
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Definition
1.metastatic calcification
2.dystrophic calcification |
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Term
| infiltration: calcification/mineralization |
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Definition
| occurs when CaPo4 salts are deposited in tissues. Normal in bones but abnormal in soft tissues. local or systemic inceases in Ca/Po4 concentration occurs. They are additive and will remain in solution as long as they remain below the ionic constant, otherwise they aggregate and ppt out as hard crystals. |
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Term
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Definition
occurs due to elevated concentrations of Ca+ and/or Po4 ions in the blood = ionic constant exceeded. this is a systemic condition. causes:
1. primary hyperthyroidism- PTH secreting tumor causes increased ostoclastic activity.
2. secondary hyperparathyroidism- increased parathyroid activity due to elevated levels of ions (usually due to renal failure to excrete the minerals.
3.pseudohyperparathyriodism- certain types of cancer secrete PTH like hormones
4. hypervitaminosis D- promotes Ca+/Po4 absorption from the gut and kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a local deposition of calcium salts in dead or dying tissue. it is common! Recall Ca+ influx into swollen cells. |
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Term
| Hemoglobin and Hb-derived pigments |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin is released from lysed RBC's and broken down into heme, globin and Fe+. These are broken down into, bilirubin (heme), AA which are recycled (globin) and Fe+ is incorporated into haemosiderin or ferritin. = a normal process for RBC recycling by macrophages in the spleen. |
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Term
| hemolytic disease (types) |
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Definition
1.extravascular hemolysis-increased removal and breakdown by splenic macrophages.
2.intravascular hemolysis-RBC's are broken down directly in the blood vessels.
Responsible for:
a. hemoglobinaemia
b. hemoglobinuria |
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Term
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Definition
A hemoglobin breakdown product. Fe+ is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin and complexes with proteins which accumulate as hemosiderin, a yellow-brown pigment.
**Fe+ may also be incorporated into ferritin, a soluable storage form of Fe+ complexed with the protein apoferritin.
* hemosiderosis = accumulation of hemosiderin. (yellow color of bruises) |
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Term
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Definition
| An orange, tetrapyrrolic pigment made from the breakdown of heme. once it is released into the blood, it complexes with albumin = "free bilirubin." In the liver, free bilirubin detaches from albumin and forms as ester with suger glucuronic acids = "conjugated bilirubin" which is secreted in the bile. In the intestines conjugated bilirubin is converted to urobiligen and excreted in urine. Stercobilin is excreted in the feces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition where the tissues of the body are abnormally yellow due to high concentrations of bilirubin in the blood and tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
1.hemolytic or prehepatic jaundice
2.toxic or hepatic jaundice
3.obstructive or post-hepatic jaundice |
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Term
| Haemolytic (prehepatic) Jaundice |
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Definition
occurs when there is an increase in RBC breakdown (hemolysis). Both extravascular and intravascular hemolysis can cause jaundice but only intravascular hemolysis can cause hemoglobinaemia and hemoglobinuria.
Possible causes:
1.leptospirosis
2.mycoplasma haemofelis
3.incompatible blood transfusion
4.neonatal icterus (Ab's in blood stream for RBC's) |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when there is damage to the liver so that the hepatocytes are unable to conjugate free bilirubin resulting in build-up of bilirubin.
possible causes:
1.leptospirosis
2.some viruses (hepatitis A and B)
3.copper poisoning (causes jaundice by 2 mechanisms: hepatocyte necrosis and further intravascular hemolysis once in the blood). |
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Term
| Obstructive (post-hepatic) Jaundice |
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Definition
occurs when there is obstruction of the bile ducts preventing bile excretion. This obstruction = cholestasis.
Possible causes:
1.Extra-hepatic: blocked bile ducts draining from the liver.
2.intra-hepatic: blocked bile canliculi traveling between hepatocytes. (usually due to hepatocyte swelling secondary to hepatic jaundice). |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow-brown pigment in the blood found after hemorrhage in tissues of low O2 tension (necrotic tissue). It does not contain active Fe+ like hemosiderin and is similar in structure to bilirubin. |
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Term
| Glycogen and Glycogen infiltration |
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Definition
| Normal process however when there is excess = glycogen infiltration. Excessive glycogen results in swelling (hydropic degeneration). Glycogen typically accumulats in hepatocytes, myocytes and renal tubular epithlium. |
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Term
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Definition
A naturally occuring pigment of the skin, hair, iris and choroid. Melanocytes have the ability to oxidize tyrosine (via copper dependent enzymes called tyrosinase)which then complex with sulpher-containing proteins to for melanin granules in the cytoplasm of the melanocytes.
Local hyperpigmentation = freckles.
Abnormal conditions:
1. decreased melanin = albinism and hypopigmentation.
2.increased melanin:
a. suntan - via UV light
b. congenitak melanosis -hyperpigmentation in several tissues
c. moles- abnormal accumulations of melanoblasts
d. melanomas- neoplastic growths
e. environmental melanosis- increased pigment in local areas due to ingestion of pigment containing plants. |
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Term
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Definition
Are a heterogenous group of yello/brown pigments located in lysosomes and occur because of:
1.aging- accumulates over time in non-dividing cells such as cardiac muscle and neurons.
2.diets high in PUFA's
3.Vitamin E deficiency
4.heay metals |
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Term
| Lipopigments: pigment of brown atrophy (xanthomatosis) |
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Definition
| excessive accumulation of brown pigments in the cardiac muscle of aged cattle. = Rejected from the works. |
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Term
| Lipopigments: heavy metal lipofuscins |
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Definition
heavy metals sequestered in lysosomes that react with proteins and lipids to form lipofuscin-like pigments.
copper pigments and haemosiderin (Fe+) |
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Term
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Definition
| a variety of yellow flourescent pigments formed as part of a pathological process involving lipid degeneration. Free radical oxidation of USFA's is important for developing ceroid. Generalized ceridosis is associated with general adipose tissue necrosis = yellow fat disease when carnivores eat diets high in USFA's (ex. fish) and are deficient in Vit. E or Se. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholesterol crystals are frequently seen in areas of chronic tissue damage or hemorrhage - leaves characteristics shaped cleft in prepared sections. No clinical importance except that they may induce "foreign body giant cells" |
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Term
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Definition
| local accumulation of C+ particles in the lungs or lymph nodes following long-term inhalation of C+ particles. Tissues appear patchy or diffues and dark grey. Tattoo's = iatrogenic anthracosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A yellow antibiotic that is also used as a chelating agent. It binds metals and therefore may bind to Ca+ and be incorporated into tissues undergoing calcification. It is a yellowish-brown color in bones (usually). |
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