Term
| What are the three types of infectious diseases? |
|
Definition
1.bacterial
2.Fungal
3.viral |
|
|
Term
| Do bacteria have a nucleus or chromosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria are BLANK celled organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can bacteria survive outside of cells? Why? |
|
Definition
| yes, they have an independent metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What do bacteria secrete? What do these cause? |
|
Definition
| toxins that cause tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| Can bacterial infections be treated with antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| yes, they are sensitive to antibiotics (for the most part) |
|
|
Term
| What are bacteria classified by? (2 things) |
|
Definition
1.their shape
2.the color they stain |
|
|
Term
| What are group A streptococcal infections? |
|
Definition
| they are a virulent variety of streptococcal |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes do group A streptococcal bacteria secrete? |
|
Definition
| release enzymes that eat through tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are some diseases caused by Group A streptococcal bacterias? (3) |
|
Definition
1.scarlet fever
2. strep throat (acute pharyngitis)
3.impetigo |
|
|
Term
| What are some immunologic sequelae possibilities of Group A streptococcal bacteria diseases? (2) |
|
Definition
1.rheumatic fever
2.poststreptococcal glomerlonephritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyogenic (pus-forning) skin infection |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is impetigo caused by? (2) |
|
Definition
1.Staphylococcus aureus
2.Streptococcus pyogenes |
|
|
Term
| What are Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyogenes normal inhabitants of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do they bacteria that cause impetigo enter through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in impetigo? |
|
Definition
| vesicles form that rupture leaving crust |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for impetigo? |
|
Definition
| topical or systemic antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What is the bacteria that commonly causes strep throat or pharyngitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found in the tonsillar region in strep throat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does strep throat cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of strep throat? |
|
Definition
-sore throat
-fever
-malaise
-elevated WBC |
|
|
Term
| How long does strep throat last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can strep throat cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria causes scarlet fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of scarlet fever? |
|
Definition
-pharyngitis
-red rash on skin |
|
|
Term
| What do the toxins produced by the bacteria that cause scarlet fever cause? |
|
Definition
| damage to the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Along with strep throat, what can scarlet fever develop in to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does rheumatic fever occur? |
|
Definition
| 2-3 weeks after infection with streptococcal pyogenes that is unproperly treated |
|
|
Term
| What happens in rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
| heart tissues become inflamed |
|
|
Term
| What can rheumatic fever lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What valve is most commonly scarred in rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can scarred valves lead to? |
|
Definition
| provide a place for bacteria to collect in subsequent bacteremias during dental procedures |
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|
Term
| Do most people that have rheumatic fever have permanent damage? |
|
Definition
| no, most recover with no long term effects |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria causes MRSA infection? |
|
Definition
| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus arureus |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of MRSA infections? |
|
Definition
1.hospital associated
2.community associated |
|
|
Term
| What is MRS infection characterized by? |
|
Definition
| starts as small red papules, turn to painful abscesses |
|
|
Term
| What can happen in MRSA infections? |
|
Definition
it can burrow deep causing life-threatening infections in..
-bone
-joints
-lungs
-heart valves |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to prevent getting MRSA infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is tuberculosis caused by? |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| What are mycobacterium infections known as? |
|
Definition
| among the oldest and treatment resistant infections known to man |
|
|
Term
| Where do aerobic bacilli survive? |
|
Definition
| in oxygen rich environments like the lungs |
|
|
Term
| How is TB spread? Where does the bacteria lodge? |
|
Definition
| spread by aerosols, lodge in alveoli where they multiply |
|
|
Term
| What leukocyte is not effective against TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the initial lesion of TB? |
|
Definition
| granuloma and infected lymph node |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of TB? |
|
Definition
-fever
-chills
-weight loss
-persistent cough |
|
|
Term
| What type of hypersensitivity halts the infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often does the TB infection become walled off and head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the other 5% of TB cases? |
|
Definition
| spread to other areas like the liver and spleen |
|
|
Term
| What can occur years later when immunity declines in TB? |
|
Definition
| reactivation of primary lesion |
|
|
Term
| Are oral lesions common in TB? If they arise what are they like? |
|
Definition
-they are rare(about 3%)
-seen in tonsillar region, ulcer with indurated borders or swelling |
|
|
Term
| What tests for prior infection of TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a positive PPD skin test indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 95% of TB infections are.. |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic and stopped in the lungs by the immune system |
|
|
Term
| What are used as a followup to a positive PPD skin test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for TB? |
|
Definition
Old: isoniazid and rifampicin for 18-35 months
New: Short course chemothearpy (SSC) for 6-8 months |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for leprosy? What bacteria causes it? |
|
Definition
-Hansen's disease
-caused by mycobacterium leprae (a myobacterium related to TB) |
|
|
Term
| How many people are infected world-wide by leprosy? |
|
Definition
| 15 million, most in tropical climates |
|
|
Term
| What does Leprosy affect? |
|
Definition
| the skin and peripheral nerves in cool parts of the body(ears, nose, fingers, toes, scrotum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| palpable lumps of granulomas |
|
|
Term
| What can these granulomas from leprosy lead to? |
|
Definition
| over the years can lead to disfigurement from the bacterial infiltration and breakdown of tissue and scarring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a granulomatous inflammation of unknown causee |
|
|
Term
| What does Sarcoidosis involve? |
|
Definition
| a cell-mediated immunity to so,e foreign material |
|
|
Term
| What happens to T-cells in sarciodosis? What does this form? |
|
Definition
| T-cells become sensitized and recruit macrophages, this forms giant cells! |
|
|
Term
| Where do granulomas in Sarciodosis occur? |
|
Definition
| in almost any organ but the lungs, lymph nodes, skin, and eyes are the most common |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Sarciodosis? |
|
Definition
-fever
-malaise
-weight loss
-cough |
|
|
Term
| How is sarcoidosis treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is actinomyocsis caused by? |
|
Definition
| an infection with actinomyces israelii |
|
|
Term
| What is actinomyces israelii? |
|
Definition
| normal flora of the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| Where do actinomyces israelii gain entrance to the connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in actinomycosis? |
|
Definition
| draining abscesses form that are encased in dense fibrous tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for actinomycosis? |
|
Definition
-drainage
-debridement of granulation tissue
-long term antibiotic therapy(may be longer than 12 months) |
|
|
Term
| What is syphilis caused by? |
|
Definition
| spirochete treponema pallidum |
|
|
Term
| How can syphilis be contracted? |
|
Definition
| usually through sexual contact but can be transmitted through blood and the placenta |
|
|
Term
| If syphilis is left untreated what happens? |
|
Definition
| progress through three stages |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of syphilis? |
|
Definition
| primary, secondary, tertiary |
|
|
Term
| How can syphilis be treated? |
|
Definition
| intramuscular injection of penicillin |
|
|
Term
| What is primary syphilis marked by? |
|
Definition
| the devlopment of a ulceration or chancre at the site of entry |
|
|
Term
| How quickly does a lesion rise after inoculation with primary syphilis? |
|
Definition
| 2-3 weeks after inoculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lymph nodes like in primary syphilis? |
|
Definition
| non-tender regional lymphadenopathy |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the organism in the primary syphilis stage? |
|
Definition
| dissemination of the organism |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take the chancre seen with primary syphilis to heal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How quickly does secondary syphilis arise? |
|
Definition
| 4-10 weeks after initial infection |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions like in secondary syphilis? |
|
Definition
| generalized reddish, brown, macular skin eruptions |
|
|
Term
| What are the oral lesions found with secondary syphilis like? |
|
Definition
| mucous patch, appear as grayish white plaques covering ulcerations |
|
|
Term
| What else must be seen in secondary syphilis? |
|
Definition
| erythematous papules or nodules |
|
|
Term
| Is secondary syphilis highly infectious? After how long do the symptoms resolve? |
|
Definition
-highly infective
-symptoms resolve in 3-12 weeks |
|
|
Term
| What does syphilis do after the second stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does this latency of syphilis last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What damage can occur during tertiary syphilis? |
|
Definition
| irreversible cardiovascular and CNS damage |
|
|
Term
| What lesions occur during tertiary syphilis? Where do they occur? |
|
Definition
| localized destructive lesions called Gummas can occur anywhere |
|
|
Term
| What are Gummas like? Where are they usually found? Are they infectious? |
|
Definition
-present as an area of rubbery necrosis and ulceration
-found on tongue and palate
-they are noninfectious |
|
|
Term
| When can syphilis be transmitted from a pregnant woman to the fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can congenital syphilis cause? |
|
Definition
-stillborn
-death soon after delivery
-miscarriage
-birth defects |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of congenital syphilis? |
|
Definition
-enamel hypoplasia(Mulberry molars, Hutchison's incisors)
-deafness
-short maxilla
-high palate
-saddle nose
-irregular thickening of the clavicle
-saber shin |
|
|
Term
| What is a good screening tool for syphilis? |
|
Definition
| VDRL, is nonspecific and not highly sensitive for syphilis |
|
|
Term
| WHen is the VDRL strongly positive? |
|
Definition
| about 3 weeks and during the first 2 stages of syphilis |
|
|
Term
| Will total cure of syphilis always occur with penicillin? |
|
Definition
| not always because spirochetes can escape the antibiotics by hiding out int he lymph nodes and CNS |
|
|
Term
| After treatment for syphilis can reoccurance of active infection occur? |
|
Definition
| possible if person becomes immune compromised |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is Gonorrhea caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common reportable bacterial infection in the US epidemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by sexual contact, 20% from oral sex |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
-mild to moderate sore throat
-diffuse erythemia, pustules on the tonsils |
|
|
Term
| What can gonorrhea spread from mother to child cause? What are babies treated with to prevent this? |
|
Definition
-blindness
-infants treated with opthalmic erythromycin or silver nitrate |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of gonorhea? |
|
Definition
| ceftriaxone and doxycycline |
|
|
Term
| What is cat scratch disease caused by? What did it used to be believed to be caused by? |
|
Definition
-caused by bacteria bartonella henselae(a small gram negative coccobacillus)
-people used to think it was caused by a virus |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cat scratch disease? |
|
Definition
-small papule or pustule develops at site 3-10 days later
-lymphadenopathy develops 2 weeks later of the axilla or neck |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the overlying skin in cat scratch disease? |
|
Definition
| can become erythematous and fistulas develop as abscess formation occurs in the nodes |
|
|
Term
| How fast does cat scratch disease clear up? And are antibiotics recommended? |
|
Definition
-clears up within 4 months
-antibiotics are not recommended in healthy patients |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most common health complaints in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does sinusitis occur? |
|
Definition
| when sinuses cannot drain into the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for sinusitis? |
|
Definition
-usually self limiting
-antibiotics for severe cases
-surgery often used for chronic cases to aid in drainage |
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