Term
| Different Species of Meningitis |
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Definition
Neisseria meningitidis.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Haemophilus influenzae.
Listeria monocytogenes.
Coccidiodes immitis.
Yeast - Cryptococcus neoformans. |
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Term
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Definition
Droplet contact.
High fever, chills, delerium, ecchymosis(bleeding under skin), intravescular clotting, cardiac failure, damage to adrenal glands, death within hours 10% death rate.
Treatment before definitive diagnosis.
Some natural immunity in population.
Treat with Penicillin G IV, shock and clotting treatment.
Vaccine- subunit vaccine (Capsular antigen) for high risk groups.
A & C, not B serotypes. |
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Term
| Streptococcus pnemoniae Meningitis |
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Definition
Droplet contact.
Very severe, most frequent cause of community-acquired. Immunocompromised at risk. Normal flora moves to blood then meniges.
Antibiotics.
Vaccine prevention. |
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Term
| Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis. |
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Definition
Transmitted by nose/throat discharge. Severe meningitis, not associated with epidemics (sporadic).
Major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where the vaccine is not widely used.
Treat with antibiotics.
Vaccination- subunit of (Hib). |
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Term
| Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis |
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Definition
Gram-positive coccobacilli-palisades.
Hardy! (cold, heat, salt, pH, bile).
Fever, diarrhea, sore throat.
Immunocompromised, neonates, fetuses.
20% fatal.
Many reservoirs(animals & environmental)
-Dairy Products, poultry, meat
-Usually not human-human transmission (pregnancy)
Psychophrile (thrives at cold temp.)
Antibiotics.
Pasteurization, refrigeration, cooking thoroughly)
Bacteriophages! FDA approval. |
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Term
| Cryptococcos neoformans Meningitis. |
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Definition
Fungal.
Immunocompromised.
Bird droppings- Aerosol.
Affinity for CNS.
Headache, mental changes, coma, paralysis, eye disturbances, seizures.
Dissemination. (Spreads widely)
Amphotericin B.
No prevention. |
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Term
| Coccidoides immitis Meningitis |
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Definition
Respiratory transmission.
Soil, plants, animals.
Southwest US, Mexico, Central & South America.
Not opportunist- systemic infection that disseminates quickly.
Genetic suseptibility.
Usually no treatment required, but Amphotericin B if it disseminates.
Minimize contact for prevention. |
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Term
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Definition
Aseptic.
Failure to find microbe in CSF.
Treatment- usually none, acyclovir, HIV drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
Bacterial infection.
Passed from mother in utero or birth canal.
Premature babies at risk because of their immature immune systems.
Antibiotic treatment.
Culture and treatment of mother to prevent. Avoid unpasteurized dairy products. |
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Term
Meningoencephalitis
-Naegleria fowleri |
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Definition
Protozoa infection.
Amoebas enter nasal mucosa, & migrate to brain.
Inflammation of the brain(encephalitis).
Accidental infection.
Amoeba.
Resistant to extreme temp., mild chlorination.
Swimming in warm, freshwater areas.
Massive destruction of CNS, hemorrhage, coma, death within a week.
Can be carried w/o disease.
Treatment not effective.
Avoid fresh water pools. |
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Term
| Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis |
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Definition
Protozoan from infected waters.
Invades broken skin.
Longer infection than Naegleria.
Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis. (GAM)
Eye injuries, AIDS, contact lenses.
Surgical removement of granulomas, & maybe Amphotericin B.
Clean wounds with sterile solutions. Clean contact lenses. |
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Term
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Definition
Viral infection. Arboviruses.
Arthropod vectors.
Tropics and Subtropics mostly.
Humans accidentally host or reservoir Arthropod bite.
Move to brain-inflammation, swelling, damage.
Coma, convulsions, paralysis, tumor, loss of coordination, memory deficits, changes in speech and personality, heart disorders.
Some permanent damage.
Supportive care, no treatment.
Vaccines for WEE & EEE. Control vectors for prevention. |
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Term
Subacute Encephalitis
Toxoplasma gondii |
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Definition
Obligate intracellular parasite
AIDS, pregnancy.
Sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, lowgrade fever.
Immunocompromised- Chronic, fatal(heart & lungs).
Pregnancy-transfer to fetus, congenital defects.
Drugs to treat protozoan.
Don't play in cat poop, cook meat or deep freeze below 20*C. |
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Term
| Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) |
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Definition
Complication of having Measles years after initial infection. Infection if neural tissue.
No treatment or prevention. |
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Term
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Definition
Transmitted by ritualistic canabalism. Spongiform encephalitis.
Prions.
Means 'trembling with fear.'
Muscle weakness, eventually need help walking, dementia, laughing inappropriately, progresses to total paralysis, death from starvation, pneumonia.
Wiped out whole villages.
Fatal from 6 mos.-2 yrs. once disease develops. Incubates 4-30years.
Stopped with end of ritual. |
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Term
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) |
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Definition
Transplants, contaminated surgical instruments, injection of growth hormone from contaminated pituitaries, heredity.
Years to decades for symptoms to begin.
Personality changes such as anxiety, depression, memory loss and impaired thinking, dementia, loss of balance and coordination, coma, death 7 months to 2 years after onset.
No treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
Sheep, goats.
Intense itch that causes them to scrape off fleece.
Degenerative neurological disease. behavior and locomotive changes, death.
Can be spread among flocks. |
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Term
| Mad Cow Disease (bovine spongiform encephalitis) |
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Definition
Britain in 1980.
Processed animal parts in feed for cattle (spread?).
Eat contaminated beef- new varient of Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Neurological degeneration similar to CJD, no treatment, ultimately death. |
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Term
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Definition
Viral.
Bite trauma, droplet contact.
Fatal.
Distinct pathogenesis and symptoms
Slow, progressive zoonotic disease.
1-2 month incubation, faster if close to brain.
Agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, spasms, severe pain on swallowing (hydrophobia).
Paralysis, disorientation, stuporous.
Coma, death from cardiac/respiratory arrest. Fatal.
Mammal carriers.
Avoid bite.
If bitten, clean bite & seek treatment.
Human rabies immune globulin to wound and IM injection.
Vaccine- human diploid cell vaccine. (HDCV). -Given to risk groups. |
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Term
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Definition
Poliovirus.
Three Serotypes, must be immune to all 3.
Not eradicated, but more controlled.
Fecal-oral transmission.
Non-paralytic polio will result in fever, vomitting, abdominal pain, lethargy, and irritability. Some muscle spasms in the neck and back.
Paralytic Polio destroys nerve cells in spinal column, paralysis of legs, also trunk, abdominal muscles effected.
Bulbar polio attacks brain stem, 25-75% deadly.
No treatment.
Iron lungs used for victims to maintain breathing, could be in one for rest of life.
Jonas Salk- inactivated virus, all 3 serotypes.
Sabin- oral vaccine, live attenuated, 1/2.4 million get polio.
Currently use inactivated vaccine, although oral given in parts of the world where polio is still active. |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium tetani-Bacterial.
Neuromuscular disease.
Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin).
Endosporulation and germination.
Usually fromo soil..Gets in wound, umbilicacl cord, or circumsion wound(with neonatal tetanus).
4-10 days incubation.
Tetanospasmin- pain!
Can be permanent damage.
Death from resp. arrest.
Combination of passive antitoxin and tetanus toxoid active immunization, supportive care.
Immunization for prevention. |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium botulism, bacterial.
Anaerobe, spore-former.
Soil, water, intestinal tract of animals.
Transmission-ingestion, wound, NEVER person to person.
*Exotoxin.
Forms
-Food-borne, intoxication.
-Infant, infection, honey.
-Wound, infection.
Infectious-botulin toxemia.
Can cause fatalities in livestock.
12-72 hrs dose.
Double vision, difficulty swallowing, dizzy, some nausea, vomiting.
Progresses to paralysis.
Death from resp. arrest 10%.
Antitoxin, supportive care.
Food hygiene, immunization for lab professinals. |
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