Term
|
Definition
-Rifamycin binding near the active site of RNA polymerase -Antimicrobial agents: RNA polymerase inhibitors -Bactericidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Macrocyclic antibiotics that inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Bactericidal |
|
|
Term
Rifampin (Rifadin) and rifabutin (Mycobutin) |
|
Definition
extremely effective antibiotics against both gram positive and gram negative organisms, including strains of Staphylococcus (Staph) aureus (including Methicillin Resistant S. aureus [MRSA], Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteusetc. |
|
|
Term
Rifampin (Rifadin) is very effective against mycobacteria especially: |
|
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (rifampin), as well as M. aviae |
|
|
Term
rifabutin (Mycobutin) is Very effective against |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
rifabutin (Mycobutin) is Very effective against |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rifampin (Rifadin) and rifabutin (Mycobutin) bind to beta subunit of bacterial enzyme but do not bind to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rifampin (Rifadin) and rifabutin (Mycobutin) are administered most often in combination with: |
|
Definition
-isoniazid in thetreatment of tuberculosis—first line treatment -Combination therapy prevents emergence of resistant tubercle bacilli |
|
|
Term
Rifampin (Rifadin) and rifabutin (Mycobutin) are used in the prophylaxis against: |
|
Definition
meningococcal disease—Penetrate into the CNS |
|
|
Term
Rifampin and Rifabutin are potent stimulators of microsomal enzymes: |
|
Definition
- They decrease half life of other drugs—Drug-Drug interaction. -Cause discoloration of urine and tears—Patients should be warned not to wear contact lenses during rifamycin treatment |
|
|
Term
Side Effects of Rifampin and Rifabutin |
|
Definition
Hepatitis (1%) or leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (rifabutin) |
|
|
Term
Antimicrobial agents: Protein synthesis inhibitors |
|
Definition
Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines glycylcyclines, chloramphenicol lincosamides, streptogramins oxazolidinone macrolide ketolide antibiotics |
|
|
Term
Drugs or drug class targeting 30s ribosomal subunits: |
|
Definition
-Aminoglycosides -Spectinomycins -Tetraciclines The side of action of these drugs is 16s rRNA. |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of action of aminoglycoside: |
|
Definition
Induce misreading, halt protein synthesis at higher concentration. |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of action of Spectinomycin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mechanism of action of Tetracycline |
|
Definition
Inhibit aminoacyl tRNA binding to A site. |
|
|
Term
Drugs or drug class targeting 50s ribosomal subunit: |
|
Definition
-Microlide -Lincosimides -Chloramphenicol -Streptogramins -Oxazolidinones The side of action of these drugs is 23s rRNA |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of action of Microlides: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mechanism of action of Chloramphenicol |
|
Definition
Inhibit peptidyl transferase by interfering with the tRNA positionning. |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of action of Lincosimides |
|
Definition
inhibit peptidyl transferase by blocking the growing polypeptide chains and by inhibiting A and P sites |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of action of Streptogramins: |
|
Definition
Inhibit peptidyl transferase; Probable overlap with mechanism of action of Microlides; |
|
|
Term
Mechanism of action of oxazilidinones: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
First in class of Aminoglycosides: Bactericidal protein synthesis inhibitors |
|
Definition
streptomycin (1944),then neomycin, kanamycin (Kantrex), |
|
|
Term
The 3 most widely used because of higher potency and lower toxicity drug in aminoglycoside class: |
|
Definition
gentamicin (Garamycin) (1963)**,tobramycin (Nebcin)**, amikacin (Amikin)** |
|
|
Term
the drug of choice for many gram negative infections, e.g.urinary tract infections, pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, peritonitis |
|
Definition
is Gentamicin Side Effects: Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity [mitochondrial metabolic block] limits the usefulness of streptomycin but especially kanamycin (8-26% patients develop these) |
|
|
Term
What drugs combination is used in the treatment of streptococci or enterococci ? |
|
Definition
Combinations of penicillin or vancomycin plus streptomycin or gentamicin |
|
|
Term
the most active aminoglycoside against Pseudomonasor Proteus is: |
|
Definition
Tobramycin . Low level of penetration of amino glycosides in CNS and moderate level of penetration in lungs—difficulty in use as monotherapies |
|
|
Term
Resistance to aminoglycosides develops: |
|
Definition
metabolic conversion of the active molecule of the aminoglycoside by transferases, for example acetylation—Plasmid-mediated genetic transmission of resistance—oraltered porin structure or 30S ribosome structure mutation |
|
|
Term
Capreomycin- Bacteriostatic |
|
Definition
is a 30s subunit protein synthesis inhibitor re-introduced for the treatment of tuberculosis with multiple drug resistance. Toxicity is a major problem |
|
|
Term
Spectinomycin—Bacteriostatic |
|
Definition
Structural analog of Aminoglycosides but binds at different site on 16S rRNA of 30S subunit Permits formation of 70S complex Inhibits protein synthesis No misreading of mRNA and no inappropriate protein synthesis Alternative therapy of gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrheae) infections Administered as an injectable—No serious side-effects |
|
|
Term
Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines—Broad spectrum, bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitors |
|
Definition
Site of action is protein synthesis, in particular the binding of charged t-RNA More selective for bacterial protein synthesis First of the truly broad spectrum antibiotics—effective against atypicalas well as typical pathogens: |
|
|
Term
Doxycycline is not as good against |
|
Definition
S. aureus, S. pneumoniae but tigecycline is |
|
|
Term
Resistance to tetracyclines has limited their use as broadspectrum antimicrobials—except for newest entry: |
|
Definition
-the tigecycline (an IV drug) -Tigecycline is effective as treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) gram negative organisms such as Pseudomonas aureginosa, Klebsiella, and Acetinobacter baumannii—80-85% effective |
|
|
Term
Tigecyline is also effective against : |
|
Definition
-Vancomycin Resesistant Enterococcus (VRE) infections and MRSA -FDA approved Tigecycline for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSI), complicated intra-abdominal infections(cIAI), and community acquired pneumonias (CAP) |
|
|
Term
Side effects of tetracyclines: |
|
Definition
Interactions of tetracyclines with divalent cations—Ca2+ (bone/tooth accumulation & discoloration); kidney damage and GI distress |
|
|
Term
Macrolide antimicrobials are bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitors |
|
Definition
Introduced in the 1950's--include erythromycin (E-mycin),azithromycin (Zithromax), clarithromycin (Biaxin), and telithromycin (Ketek) -Useful in the treatment of pulmonary infections, including Legionnaires’ disease (pneumonia) -Bacteriostatic, not to be used in treating conditions requiring bactericidal activity, e.g., osteomyelitis, endocarditis, meningitis -Most useful in the treatment of streptococcal infections, especially in individuals hypersensitive to penicillins—few if any resistant streptococci to erythromycin -Dosage varies from 500 mg/d (azithromycin, Z-pak and Z-max) to 500 mg/6h (erythromycin)—different PK characteristics |
|
|
Term
Other conditions treated with erythromycin: |
|
Definition
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia, diphtheria, whooping cough (pertussis),tetanus, acute syphilis and gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
What combination drugs is use in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori—peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
clarithromycin, lansoprazole and amoxicillin (Prevpac) |
|
|
Term
Chloramphenicol—Bacteriostatic and bactericidal protein synthesis inhibitor |
|
Definition
Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) binds to 50 S ribosome and inhibits transpeptidase reaction, blocks elongation of protein chain 2. Also causes inhibition of mitochondrial ribosomes in eukaryotic cells 3. Resistance due primarily to the expression of plasmid-encoded acetyl transferases—drug inactivation Introduced in 1948—Broad spectrum against gram + and gram – bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic -H. influenzae, Neisseria meningitides, Bacteroides -Is not used much because of severe toxicity, in particular aplastic anemia, hypoplastic anemia, agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia,i.e., partial or complete shutdown of the bone marrow -1 in 30,000 doses administered associated with bone marrow problems -Drug interactions with: phenytoin, warfarin (prolongation of activity) |
|
|
Term
Lincosamides—Clindamycin, Bacteriostatic |
|
Definition
-Clindamycin (Cleocin) used for severe anaerobic infections— Bacteroides -Blocks peptide bond formation—interacts with both A and P site and resembles in its actions both chloramphenicol and macrolides -Causes Pseudomembranous colitis as a result of Clostridium difficile growth in the GI -Beware of inducible resistance during treatment by this antimicrobial or macrolides or streptogramin -Used in the treatment of fasciitis, skin/soft tissue infections, and intra-abdominal infections with anaerobic bacteria—Normal dosage:300 mg/6h |
|
|
Term
Streptogramins, Quinupristin/Dalfopristin (Synercid)—Bactericidalagainst most sensitive bacteria |
|
Definition
Approved (1999) for the treatment of Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pyogenes; Approved for the treatment of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (faecium) [VRE] and for methicillin resistant S. aureus [MRSA] and Streptococcus pyogenes 23S rRNA/ 50S ribosome binding—Inhibition of peptidyl transferase and emergence of growing peptide chain ―Irreversible‖ inhibition of 50S subunit |
|
|
Term
Oxazolidinones—Linezolid (Zyvox) |
|
Definition
Exact site of action not known but suspected to be 23SrRNA Effective against MRSA, penicillin-resistant Streptococci, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) Useful in the treatment of Multi-Drug Resistant organisms such as A. baumannii |
|
|