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are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic? |
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multicellular, branching filamentous hyphae forms unicellular yeasts |
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types of fungal morphology |
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in the filamentous forms of a fungus, a mass of hyphae is called a ( ) |
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asexual reproduction results in spores formed by hyphae sexular spores are less common |
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how do filamentous fungi reproduce? |
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like bacteria, fungi absorb nutrients rather than ingesting them like animals fungi grow best in pH ~5, this is too acidic for most bacteria fungi can grow on low moisture substances unlike most bacteria fungi require less nitrogen than bacteria |
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similarities and differences between bacteria and fungi |
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most yeasts are facultative anaerobes most molds are aerobes |
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respiration of yeasts and molds |
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fungal cell walls are similar architecturally to plants but not chemically; fungal cells walls are rigid there are 3 layers of polysaccharides (glucans and glycoproteins) also chitin and mannans are significant components of certain cell walls [image] ergosterol and zymosterol instead of cholesterol for the main sterol components of the cell membrane |
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structure of fungal cell walls |
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why are fungal cell walls not susceptible to antibiotics? |
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saprophyte most infections are caused by saprophytic fungi |
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an organism that grows on and derives its nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter |
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inhalation ingestion direct skin contact |
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how are fungal infections acquired? |
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low pH fatty acids turnover of skin IgA at mucosal surfaces may limit growth |
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what defenses prevent fungal colonization in the human body? |
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1) hypersensitivity to fungal antigens 2) production of mycotoxins (exotoxins) 3) mycoses - growth of a fungus on or in the body |
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through what 3 mechanisms do fungi cause disease? |
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what type of mycoses? affects body surface (skin, hair, nails) ex) dermatophytosis (ringworm) affects outermost keratinized tissues of the hair, nails, and stratum corneum of skin |
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what type of mycoses? confined to the dermis, subcutaneous tissue or adjacent structures ex) rare and confined to tropical regions of the world; usually result from inoculation of saprophytic fungi from soil into subcutaneous tissue (via a thorn, insect bite, fist spine) |
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what type of mycoses? affects internal organs, systems may result from inhalation of air borne spores, ingestion, or IV lines ex) Histoplasmosis, Aspergillosis |
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infection occurs in previously healthy persons and arises through a respiratory route type of systemic mycoses |
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cause disease in immune compromised hosts type of systemic mycoses endogenous example = candida exogenous example = aspergillosis |
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infections of skin, hair, nails, and outer layers of epidermis secrete keratinase, an enzyme that degrades keratin ex) athlete's foot: may be an infection caused by several different fungi, including yeasts |
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capable of changing from a multicellular mold form in nature to a budding single celled form when causing infection many pathogenic species ex) Histoplasmosis capsulatum |
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caused by Histoplasma capsulatum cause disease by inhalation (lung infection often mild) bird feces provide nutrients (nitrogen) for the fungus upon inhalation, small budding forms phagocytosed; infections of macrophages and histiocytes (fixed macrophages) transient spread leads to flu like symptoms hepatosplenomegaly in immunocompromised patients |
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Coccidioides immitis is the pathogen spores found in dry soils of the Southwestern US, Central America, and South America highly infective in dusts in endemic areas like Histoplasmosis, may be asymptomatic; may present as flu-like illness, similar to TB hyphal growth from lung aspirate small percentage (~1%) of patients develop a pustular skin rash or dissemination to the bones or meinges |
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caused by Aspergillus species: A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus dangerous in immunocompromised patients Aspergillus spores are nearly everywhere A. fumigatus causes severe allergies in the lung (aspergilloma) may be contained, but if it becomes systemic has a high mortality Aspergillus flavus (from peanuts and grains) produces aflatoxin that has mutagenic effects on the liver |
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caused by Filobasidiella neoformans encapsulated yeast that is inhaled leads to meningoencephalitis may also involve skin, UT, eyes, lungs, bones, joints, myocardium, prostate gland |
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caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci opportunistic infection of elderly, premature babies, immune compromised lung tissue infected filling the alveoli with fluid always thought to be protozoan until recently |
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nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi; typically oval or spherical like molds, found almost everywhere |
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a number of different stains can be used to detect and characterize fungi Gram staining can be used in certain species |
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laboratory diagnosis of fungal diseases |
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Histoplasmosis capsulatum |
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pathogen that causes Histoplasmosis |
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pathogen that causes Coccidioidomycosis |
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Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus niger Aspergillus flavus |
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Pathogens that cause Aspergillosis |
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Filobasidiella neoformans |
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pathogen that causes Cryptococcosis |
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pathogen that causes Pneumocytsis |
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