Term
| What is the bodies 1st line of external nonspecific defense? |
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Definition
| skin and mucous membranes. |
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Term
| What do nonspecific defenses protect a person from? |
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Definition
| All microorganisms regardless of prior exposure. |
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Term
| What do specific immune defenses protect from? |
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Definition
| Identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi.. |
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Term
| What are some nonspecific internal structures that protect the body from infectious disease? |
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Definition
| Alveolar macrophages, saliva, tears, GI tract has high acidity.. |
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Term
| Humoral immunity comes from __ cells, which when activated cause formation of plasma cells which secrete antibodies and memory ___ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cellular immunity occurs through the __ cell system. When a person is exposed to an antigen, _____ tissue releases large amounts of this cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of immunity? |
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Definition
| Passive immunity, active immunity. |
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Term
| What is naturally acquired passive immunity? |
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Definition
| Host receives antibodies from another source such as baby getting them from mother's breast milk. |
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Term
| What is artificially acquired passive immunity? |
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Definition
| Immune serum from another human is injected. An injectable solution is created from an immune human and injected into another. |
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Term
| What is naturally acquired active immunity? |
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Definition
| antibodies are formed after having infectious disease such as chicken pox. |
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Term
| What is artificially acquired active immunity? |
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Definition
| vaccines for polio, hepatitis, or chickenpox. Stimulates immune system to produce antibodies. |
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Term
| What is passive immunity? |
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Definition
| When the host receives antibodies from another source. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the host produces its own antibodies. |
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Term
| What are early signs (nonspecific) of infection? |
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Definition
| general malaise, achy, weak, anorexia, headache. |
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Term
| What are later signs and symptoms of infection? |
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Definition
| inflammation, purulent drainage, enlarged lymph nodes, rash, GI symptoms, respiratory symptoms, pain. |
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Term
| What are the three general risk factors for infection? |
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Definition
| the environment, the therapeutic regimen, patient resistance to infection (decreased immunity) |
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Term
| What is something about an environment that may put a patient at risk for an infection? |
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Definition
| Sanitizing procedures not followed, no hand hygiene, wearing dirty gloves out of pt. room, dirty linens on floor... |
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Term
| What are examples of therapeutic regimens that could put patients at risk for infections? |
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Definition
| iv's (phlebitis) Catheter(UTI) improper wound care, positioning a patient with head of bed down when on tube feeding (can cause pneumonia) |
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Term
| What are some possible risk factors of infection? |
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Definition
| break in skin integrity, advanced age, nutritional status, stress, invasive or indwelling devices. |
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Term
| When is a high Nuetrophil count seen? |
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Definition
| acute infections that produce pus, increased in response to stress. |
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Term
| When is an increased lymphocyte seen? |
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Definition
| Chronic bacterial and viral infections. |
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Term
| When is an increase in monocytes seen? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is an increase in eosinophils seen? |
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Definition
| allergic reactions and parasitic infections. |
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Term
| What is the function of basophils? |
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Definition
| Basophils release histamines. |
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Term
| What are possible plans of care relating to an infection control nursing diagnosis? |
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Definition
| Avoidance/prevention spread of infection, collaborative plan of care, health promotion activities to support defenses of susceptible host, discharge plan |
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Term
| What do bacteriostatic medications do? |
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Definition
| inhibits the growth of bacteria which allows the patient's defense mechanisms additional time to remove invading microbes. |
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Term
| What do bactericidal medications do? |
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Definition
| Kills bacteria by causing cell death. |
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Term
| What are the five mechanisms of action of an antibiotic? |
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Definition
| Inhibition of cell wall synthesis, alteration in cell membrane permeability, inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibition of cell's synthesis of rna/dna, interference with cellular metabolism. |
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Term
| What are the three general types of adverse reactions of antibiotics? |
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Definition
| allergic or hypersensitivity reaction, superinfection, organ toxicity. |
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Term
| Antibiotic therapy is initiated _____ obtaining the culture, but ______ sensitivity reports are back from the lab. |
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Definition
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Term
| When bacteria are sensitive to a drug, the organism is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| When bacteria are resistant, the organism _________________________________________. |
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Definition
| continues to grow despite the administration of the drug. |
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Term
| In order to achieve minimal effective concentration of an antibiotic, or to get the drug into the therapeutic index, a doctor will order what? |
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Definition
| Large loading doses at the beginning of drug therapy, depending on kidney function. |
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Term
| When is a peak blood draw performed? |
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Definition
| an hour or so after the drug is administered. |
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Term
| When is a trough blood draw done? |
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Definition
| Right before the drug is administered again. |
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Term
| when are antibiotics given prophylactically? |
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Definition
| Immediately before surgery and continued 48 hours after surgery. |
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Term
| What are some of the nurse's roles in antibiotic therapy? |
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Definition
| Assess the client, assist in identifying the organism (obtain cultures properly), administer the drug on time and at proper intervals, monitor client's response to drug, educate the patient, prevent and treat adverse reactions. |
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Term
| What are some viruses that NON-HIV antivirals treat? |
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Definition
| herpes viruses, influenza a and b, hepatitis b and c viruses. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action for most antivirals? |
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Definition
| inhibit viral replication. |
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Term
| What contact precautions would a patient be on if they have influenza? droplet or airborne? |
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Definition
| droplet, because the size of droplets are large. |
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Term
| What are the three distinct types of influenza? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three possible syndromes that can come from having influenza? |
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Definition
| uncomplicated rhinotrachelitis, a respiratory viral infection, viral or bacterial pneumonia. |
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Term
| What are signs and symptoms of the flu? |
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Definition
| fever, muscle ache, headache, dry cough, lack of energy, sure throat, runny nose. |
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Term
| What is the primary prevention of influenza? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are secondary preventions of influenza? |
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Definition
| hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing, stay home. |
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Term
| What are signs and symptoms of a uti? |
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Definition
| Burning pain with urination, cloudy or smell urine, fever, chills, flank pain, tenderness. |
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Term
| What are some nursing interventions for uti? |
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Definition
| inhibit bacterial growth, increase fluid intake, modify diet, health promotion |
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