Term
| At what age are humans most likely to get bacterial meningitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Top 4 pathogens that cause bacterial meningitis in premature infants and neonates. |
|
Definition
Group B Streptococcus
E. coli
Other Enterobacteriaceae
Listeria monocytogenes |
|
|
Term
| Top 2 pathogens that cause bacterial meningitis in post-surgery or trauma patients |
|
Definition
Staphylococcus
Enterobacteriaceae |
|
|
Term
| The most common pathogen that causes bacterial meningitis in young adults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does age of the patient affect the presentation of Haemophilus influenza meningitis? |
|
Definition
younger child= less specific symptoms
neonates= poor feeding, irritable, fever |
|
|
Term
| What skin signs can help indicate a Neisseria meningitidis meningitis infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of vaccine is used to prevent Haemophilus influenza? When is it given and why? |
|
Definition
a capsule polysaccharide vaccine
after 18 months, because before that there is no memory immune response |
|
|
Term
| 5 major possible sequelae from meningitis |
|
Definition
–Mental retardation
–Brain deficit
–Deafness
–Seizure disorder
–Hydrocephalus |
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|
Term
| 3 lab findings (leukocytes, PMNs, and protein) in CSF in someone with bacterial meningitis (usually) |
|
Definition
Leukocytes >500/μl
PMNs >80% of the leukocytes
Protein >100 (mg/dl) |
|
|
Term
| 3 lab findings (leukocytes, PMNs, and protein) in CSF in someone with viral meningitis (usually) |
|
Definition
Leukocytes <500/μl
PMNs <50% of the leukocytes
Protein <100 (mg/dl) |
|
|
Term
| Give mg/dl of glucose found in CSF for bacterial meningitis vs. viral meningitis |
|
Definition
Bacterial: <40mg/dl glucose
Viral: >40mg/dl glucose |
|
|
Term
| Describe the initial empiric therapy that is given for meningitis |
|
Definition
Treat for the 3 major organisms.
Concentrations of the antimicrobic in the CSF should exceed the MIC of the offending organism by at least 10 fold. |
|
|
Term
| Current most common pathogen that causes bacterial meningitis overall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to empirically treat a patient with S. pneumoniae meningitis |
|
Definition
| voncomycin + a Beta-lactam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degenerative disease of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the meninges |
|
|
Term
| Define meningoencephalitis |
|
Definition
| inflammation of the brain and meninges |
|
|
Term
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
- pathogen
- where
- who/what infected & how
- symptom |
|
Definition
Pathogen: Togavirus
Where: swamps and east coast
What: mosquito-bird cycle w/ humans and horses as incedental hosts
Onset: Rapid onset of encephalitis w/ 33% mortality |
|
|
Term
Western Equine Encephalitis
- pathogen
- where
- who/what infected & how
- symptom |
|
Definition
Pathogen: alphavirus (Togavirus)
Where: west of Mississippi, Canada, Mexico
What: mosquito/vertebrate cycle w/ humans and horses as incidental hosts
Symptom: meningitis & encephalitis (especially in infants) |
|
|
Term
St. Louis Encephalitis
- pathogen
- where
- who/what infected & how
- symptom |
|
Definition
Pathogen: Flavi virus
Where: anywhere
What: mosquito/bird cycle w/ humans as incidental hosts
Symptom: encephalitis & cranial nerve palsies that vary with age. Old= higher mortality. Young= more sequelae |
|
|
Term
West Nile Virus
- pathogen
- where
- who/what infected & how
- major symptom |
|
Definition
Pathogen: Flavi virus
Where: anywhere
What: mosquito/bird cycle w/ humans and horses as incidental hosts
Symptom: meningitis and meningoencephalitis, especially in elderly |
|
|
Term
| 4 common symptoms of West Nile Virus |
|
Definition
Fever
Headache
Stiff neck
Eye pain
|
|
|
Term
| Describe West Nile poliomyelitis |
|
Definition
| a flaccid paralysis syndrome w/ acute assymetric limb weakness/paralysis |
|
|
Term
LaCrosse Encephalitis
- pathogen
- where
- who/what infected & how
- major symptom |
|
Definition
Pathogen: LaCrosse virus
Where: deciduous forests
What: mosquito/small mammal cycle w/ children as incidental hosts
Symptom: Encephalitis and seizures |
|
|
Term
Japanese Encephalitis
- where
- who/what infected & how
- major symptom |
|
Definition
Where: Asia
What: mosquito/bird/pig cycle w/ children (and other animals) as incidental hosts
Symptom: Encephalitis and seizures (high mortality) |
|
|
Term
Herpes Encephalitis
- where it occurs if contracted neonatally vs. postnatally
|
|
Definition
Neonatal= anywhere (all over, including mouth and eye)
Postnatal= CNS only |
|
|
Term
Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis
- most commonly due to HSV-___ ?
- When it presents
- Mother's history |
|
Definition
HSV-2
Presents in first 28 days
Most mothers have no history of infection |
|
|
Term
| 4 Symptoms of Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis |
|
Definition
| Fever, lesions, seizure, sepsis |
|
|
Term
Postnatal Herpes Encephalitis
- most commonly due to HSV-___ ?
- how common?
- who gets it? |
|
Definition
HSV-1
most common
Age: 5-30 and >50 |
|
|
Term
| 3 symptoms of Postnatal Herpes Encephalitis |
|
Definition
| Fever, headache, focal seizure |
|
|
Term
| How Rabies virus enters the CNS |
|
Definition
| Enters through peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
| Incubation time for the Rabies virus in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to treat someone exposed to rabies. |
|
Definition
| Give rabies immune globulin (passive immunity) + rabies vaccine –4 doses |
|
|
Term
| Common pathogen(s) in brain abscess |
|
Definition
| Mixed (includes S. aureus, Strep. viridans, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides, Prevotells, fungi) |
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