Term
| What is the incubation period for influenza? How long does it last? How do you get it? |
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Definition
| 1-3 days, 3-10 days and from aerosol droplets binding to epithelial cells! |
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Term
| What are the 3 distinct sterotypes of influenza? |
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Definition
A type viruses-humans, mammals horses, birds, ferrets and pigs. Cause epidemics and pandemics
B and C are only in mammmals and are less serious.Sometimes seen B in horses and C dogs and pigs!
Pigs and birds are omportna resovoirs |
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Term
| 'Spanish Flu Epidemic in 1918-1919! How many more mortalies? |
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Definition
| approx 25....2.5% mortaility.40million dead! |
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Term
Structure of influenza virion? |
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Definition
Lipid envelope with 2 projecting proteins....HA and NA. HA is a trimer! NA is tetramer. Envelope is lined with matrix proteins M1 with 8 ribonecleotides genome sequeces inside the matrix.
Each ribonucleotide segments contain -sense ssRNA and 3 polymerase subunits NP.
The 8 ribonucleotides encode 11 proteins:
4-HA
6-NA
7-matrix |
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Term
| History of influenza virus? |
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Definition
| Came from permafrost burials. The origintor virus HA came from birds. the 1918 virus probs cirluated in mammals since 1911. |
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Term
| 11 proteins are encoded by the genome segments? what are what? |
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Definition
4 is HA
6 is NA
7 is matrix protein |
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Term
| Nomenclature of naming of influenza strains? |
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Definition
| Type, Town, No. of isolates, year and type of H/N |
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Term
| Replication Cycle of Influenza? |
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Definition
Virus binds to receptos at NA.
Endocytosis into the cell
Fusion occurs with RNA segments and released into nucleus
T and T begin
Bud off the cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
Minor changes-antigenic drift. Strain goes under minor changes driven by immune selection in 1 or more HA regions. Over 2-3 years in A and B types! e.g.. single AA substitutes accumulate which evade Ab specificity to previous strain. Negative rna so no proof reading enzymes
Antigenic shift….Only A strains! New HA is aquired that is critical for infection. Somethimes a new NA…causes pandemicsEvery 10-15 years. Occurs in mixing vessels…e.g. pigs but susceptible to both humans and birds |
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Term
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Definition
H5N1 and is fatal but spread not very easily wheres H1N1 is not fatal but spread very easily!
Not passed between humans, only from bird faeces etc. Pigs get it but no symptoms. Recombinaiton could create a pandemic strain! |
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Term
| Rimantadine and amantidine drugs? |
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Definition
| Active against most strains of A strains |
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Term
| Drugs for treatment of influenza? |
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Definition
Amantidine and rimantidine and bind to M2 proteins. Bacically means that cells can now not lower the pH of endosomes to cause uncoating. Only A strains!
Neuorminidase inhibitors! eg synthetic sialic acid!for A and B. Hoffman La Rouche….pill and severity and duration of symptoms.
Smith Kline Relenza is inhaled..inhibits the NA active site so it can't leave to infect others |
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Term
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Definition
Required HA type, grown in embryonic eggs. Cannot predict what strain will occur…takes time. New combinations have to be expressed! 60-80% effective.
WHO predict one nut it doesn't grow well in eggs so also the high growth variant of tho strain are both recombined to get the best one! |
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Term
| Viral haemorrhagic factors? |
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Definition
| Causes multisystem syndromes, damage to vascular systems so body regualtio is impaired. Mild illness, fatal is 90%.Humans are not primary host! |
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Term
| Yellow fever vaccine? Only one! |
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Definition
| Live attenuated yellow fever vaccine grown in chicken embryos , is 95% effective and lifelong immunity. few side effects, llergic reactions etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Envleoped RNA viruses, animal or insect host. natural reservoir and arboviruses and geographically restricted. Can be transmitted between humans |
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Term
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Definition
Arenavirus
Bunyavirus-hantaan
Filovirus-Ebola and malberg
Flavivirus-DF and YF |
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Term
| Repliaction cycle of Ebola? |
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Definition
| Receptor binding, genome is translated and transcripted. Then viral proteins are translated and -rna and proteins into particle. Budding occurs! |
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Term
| What is the Ebola vision structure? |
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Definition
-RNA genome. Thread like and 19kbk. HAs peplomers on the outside envelope. Then matrix envelope encloses caspid containing genome. Genome encodes for:
Nucleoproteins-NP, VP40 for rna encaspid
Polymerase Associated Complexes-L VP35 for T and T
Membrane Complexes GP and VP24 and VP40 for matrix proteins |
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Term
| What happens if you have Ebola? |
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Definition
| Acute onset is 2-21 days. Fever, chills, pain, dihorriea, vomitting etc. Multisystem involvement! |
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Term
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Definition
1st virus. Liver diease and jaundice. 3-6 days onset and death 20-50% after 7-10 days.
Dengue-1-10% die |
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Term
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Definition
| Postive sense, 10kb genome. Transcribed then translated to polyportein and cleaved by viral processes. Structual genes at 5i end and NS and 3' end |
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Term
| Where are DF, YF and Ebola in? |
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Definition
DF is asia, africa and SA.
YF is africa and amricas
Ebola us africa |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is being focossed on the remove POLIO? |
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Definition
| Nigeria, Pakistan and afganistan |
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Term
| What are the features of Sabin and Salk vaccinations? |
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Definition
Salk-OPV. Inactivated.
Effective, good for immunocompromised people, no reversion, stable in storage and transport, injections needed, boosters needed, expensive, no igA or herd immunity.
Sabin-OPV.
Effective, herd immunity, igA secretion and secretory immunitty, life immunity, easily admin and not that expensive, reversion can occur, unsafe for ICP and recombination can occur |
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Term
| How are the attenuated polio vaccines made? |
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Definition
| Grown on human cells then trasnferred to monkey cells where they will mutate. Back to human ad they can no longer grow! 10billion people vaccinated so far in world and only 60 have had reversion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes destruction of grey matter in the brain. Destroing neurones etc. Paralysis can occur. Highly infectious, faecal oral route. goes to intestines then to CNS.5-10% die from suffocation from paralysis.1 in 200 leads to irreversible paralysis. |
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Term
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Definition
Its positive RNA, iscohacterdral. 60 copies of 4 proteins:
VP123 are external strucure
VP4 are internal
Single polypeptide.
Structual proteins are for caddis
NS proteins are for enzymes etc.
3D polymersae and 2B 3C for proteases
There are 3 types! Vaccnation is combined all 3. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA binds to CD155 receptor and uncoats. Inhibits cellular PS and translation. Polypeptide synthesis occurs. Co-trasnaltional processes. Protein vetor assocaited, RNA vector assocaited then - sense S and + sense synthesis. More translation,captive rna processing, packaging and lysis! |
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Term
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Definition
| Trasnamitted faecal orally,ultiplies atnital sites or lymph nodes. Virus shed in throat and faeces.May enter CNS by peripheral and cranial nerves.Viremia is 2nd replication in another site! |
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Term
| Eradication of polio? Possible and difficult….? |
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Definition
Possible…there are vaccines, does not survive easily, no animal resovior and no chronic carrier state in healthy humans
Difficult-reversion and recombination from vaccines.Unapparent infection and her dieases with similar symptoms |
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Term
| Starigies for eradication for polio? |
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Definition
Strong route immune programmes
national I day
Mop up days |
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Term
| Physical defences for airborne droplets? |
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Definition
Alveloar macrophage…primary defence in lungs and APC. Effector cells producing macrophages and nuetorphils.
Alveolar inflammation…influx of neutrophils to alvelios by comepletmary system
Adaptive response….IgG and C opsonines, priming phag
Lymphopd tissue providing T and B cells
IgA mainly in upper respiratory tract. mainyl dimer to neutralize toxins and prevent binding
Lung sufrfacant…enhance bacterial activity of macrophage and complement
Lysosome…digests bacteria peptidoglycan
Trasnferrin and lactoferrin bind avalible ion |
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Term
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Definition
| Non sporing, gram positive bacteria! Extracellular.Human only, theres a vaccine!Tox gene clings to the throat and a psudomembranre forms of dead bacteria=suffocation. Exotoxin leaves ad spreads stimulating ADP ribosyltransferase on EF2 which inhibits protein synthessis. Toxin carried by lysogenic bacteria! Treatment is Ab. |
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Term
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Definition
1993, global emergecny. 9m cases/year. Non sporingGram positive. 80% are vaccinated! From inhalation and also non pasteurised milk!Asymption 90% of the time. 10% develop clinical cases. Inhalationa dn bacteria in macrophagesand they reproduce. Either kill macrophages and cough up….lie dormant until another immune disease or spread to other parts of the body!
BCG vaccine. 0-80% affect due to genetic predisposition, other myocardium bacteria exposure and vaccine batch. But number decreases as negeltct occurs! link with aids.
Treatment is Ab for 6-18months |
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Term
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Definition
| Non motile, gram negative diplococci bacteria.Humans only and special medium needed to grow.102mcases/y. aspmtiopic…woman 50% and men 20%. Entry and type 4 pill attach on NC wall. No pill then no attachment! Invade by endocytosis and now nothing can find them in here hehee.igA proteas features! Huge amounts of hyper variable regions where binding to epithelium. Opthalmia neonatorum in babies :( v ressiant to Ab |
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Term
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Definition
| Non sporing, gram neagtive. Very small. 1x6 geode. Human and mammals! Obligate intracellular bacteria. Elementary bodies which survive outside and reticular which can reproduce inside!EB endocytosis in and differentiate to RB here binary fission and burst out. Limited biocapcabie….need lots from cells! NO VACCINE BUT NOT AS RESISTANT! |
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Term
| How is hep C transmitted? |
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Definition
| Paritally. Mainly needles, then sex, mother to baby and blood transfusions |
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Term
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Definition
2 forms of the disease; chronic and acute! Chronic is cirrhosis and liver disease.
Infection passed experimentally through chimpanzees
Initally hard to characterise as it was hard to grow in culture
Also hard to detect as there are low concetraions in plasma.
They are 50nm spheres, enveloped |
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Term
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Definition
Flaviviruses so around 10kb genome. Single polypetide chain translates to 3010a a, cleaved by viral and cellular proteases. Encoding S and NS proteins. S-env is for receptor binding, p7 is for ion channels and core is from maintaince of genome then NS makes enzymes and proteases etc.
HCV core binds to p53 where it inhibits the p53 TF. Therefore inhibintg guardian of genome so damaged DNA are replicated so making cancer! |
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Term
| How many genotypes for Hep C and where are they? |
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Definition
6!
1 is the most common and all over the world
2 is in Med and Middle east
3 in europe
4 in middle east
5 in SA
6 in HK |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to receptors CD81 and SRB1. then endocytosis, membrane fusion, uncoating, transcription and processes, rna rep, vision morpho, vision transport, fusion and release |
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Term
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Definition
Starts as acute, 70% asymptomatic. Then 50-80% leads to chronic. of these its cirrhosis or cancer. other acute go to resolved or death
Ab and cytotoic exacerabte liver inflmaamtion |
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Term
| Factors promiting severity of disease? |
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Definition
| Over 40, drinking, HIV and male |
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Term
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Definition
PCR for positive sense RNA
ELISA for Ab in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Peglyated interferon alpha and ribovarin combination therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Red blotches starting from hairline…kopeks spots which start from the hairline ayer 3-17 days after exposure. Then sneezing, coughing, fever etc after this. |
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Term
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Definition
| 330 days/day in 2013 but since 2000-2013 there has been a 78% reduction in measles due to vaccination. hooray!! |
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Term
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Definition
| Given at 12m or olde then 4 weeks after to catch the 5% that weren't first infected. Side effects can be rash, fever or jin pain. MMR vaccine, so attenuated mumps dn measles then rubella stuff. MUMPS vaccine…. Swap taken from mumps cheek then grown on nutrient plate and used to infect hens eggs. after several passages in eggs, remove embryo and culture the egg. Passage virus test for attenuation! |
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Term
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Definition
| Gram negative. aerosol droplets! invade respiratoty epithelium then lymph cells then back to respiratory epithelium. 2 binding sites on cells….haemagluttin and fusion protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Approx 100 years ago non human primates infected humans. In 1981 in LA there was kaposis sarcoma cases everywhere. Depletion of CD4+ helper cells. Leads to opportunistic infections and probs die after 10 years if not treated. |
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Term
| Primary and other infections in HIV? |
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Definition
Replication in the first 6 weeks and decreers in cd4 in first 6 weeks but increase in viral copy number.Primary infection involves mild/severe flu like symptoms and increased LN, increases in CD4+ cells due to fighting infection. production = destruction.
2) chronic asymptomatic….trasnmissable might be unaware maybe for 8-10 years
3)chronic symtomatic…imparinemtn of cd4
4)AIDS, decrease cd4 bigtime! |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a positive sense retorovirus so turns RNA to DNA. There are 2 + RNA genome about 7=11kb long. They contain RT, integrate and polymerase. Each contains specific genes: gag is for structural proteins, pol is for polymerase and integrate and env is for envelope proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| gp120 and gp41 where cd4+ can bind. about 72 spikes all over. Also gp17 for matrix proteins, gp24 for capsule proteins and gp7 and gp9 for riboculeoprotein complex which binds to RNA genome. |
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Term
| What do the pol gene encode? and what do these do? |
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Definition
RT-turns RNA into DNA
integreae-cleaves DNA and strand transfers for DNA integration
proeae-cleaves DNA
RT lacks 3-5 exonucleases so makes lots of mistakes! |
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Term
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Definition
| Binding to glycoproteins either gp120 or gp41 then uncoating and reverse transcriptase, then circulisation, the integration by integrate, T and T core portions assemble and then assembly and budding. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ab to env protein
PCR for RT |
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Term
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Definition
Active against RT…nucleoside analogues e.g.. AZTor non nucleotide analogous which bind near the AS!
Active against proteases..bind in AS
Interfere with gp120 and cd4+ |
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Term
| What speices invades men and what invades animals? Which is faster? |
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Definition
men is BG and BR bit animals is BB V and C
BG is slow and takes about 18 months to invade brain
BR is fast and takes 3-6 months |
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Term
| Trypanoosismanis life cycle |
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Definition
| Tseste fly bits and injects metacyclic trypmastigotes which become trypmastigotes in the blood, then they divide and grow by binary fission then taken up again by fly then they become proteolytic trypmastigotes and binary fission again. They they leave midgut and become epimastigotes then multiply in salivary gland to become metacylic trypmastogotes. |
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Term
| Where is BR and BG found? |
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Definition
| BR is found in south and east and BG is found in central and west! |
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Term
| Trypanomansisins variable? |
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Definition
| They have a variant surface glycoprotein coat.Only one single coat is expressed at once and the protein oems homodimers.They anchor to gpi., Only 1 expressed at once@ To increase homogeneity. Antigenict variation so no vaccine@ |
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Term
| Chemo used in trypantomans? |
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Definition
Suramin and pentamidine are early
melarsopral and efrthinone are late! after invasion to CNS |
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Term
Leichmaniss…
3 types and where they occur and by what spires? |
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Definition
Cutaneoues…..Afganistan….L infantum. ULCERS ON F
Muscutaneous….Brazil….L brazila. ULCERS ON F AND M
Visceral….Napal and Bangladesh….L mexicana. ULCERS AND INCRASE IN LIVER AND SPLEEN
ALL ARE ZOONOTIC!! |
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Term
| Life cycle of leichamtis? |
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Definition
| SF injects promastigots into the body then they are phagocytksed and become amastigotes in macrophages. They multiply in cells and SF bits, ingestion of parasites then it goes back to promastigoes and divides and probis out as promastigotes! |
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Term
| Leishamnsi drugs. No vaccine! self healing though |
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Definition
| ranodm worlds starting with P P A M |
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Term
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Definition
| TAT increase translation and REV binds rev response element |
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