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Definition
| our biological endowement; the genes we recieve from our parents |
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| the environments, both physical and social, that influence our development |
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Definition
| the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller |
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| Discontinuous development |
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Definition
| the idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly |
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| approaches that propose that development inloves a series of discontinuous, age-related phases |
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Definition
| the development of thinking and reasoning |
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| chemicals involved in communications among brain cells |
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| the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up any child's environment |
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| a measure of social class based on income and education |
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Definition
| an approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion |
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| the degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent |
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Definition
| the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior |
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Definition
| the degree of similarity of a child's performance on two or more occasions |
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Definition
| the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure |
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Definition
| the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the variables that the researcher intentionally manipulated |
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Definition
| the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research |
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Definition
| a research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions |
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Definition
| a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides |
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Definition
| examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher |
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Definition
| a method that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the child's behavior |
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Definition
| attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age, gender, and expectations |
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Definition
| studies intended to indicate how variables are related to each other |
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Definition
| the association between two variables |
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| a statistic that indicates the direction and strength of a correlation |
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Term
| direction-of-causation problem |
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Definition
| the concept that a correlation between two variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other |
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Definition
| the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable |
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Definition
| a group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn |
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Definition
| a procedure in which each child has an equal chance of being assigned to each group within an experiment |
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Definition
| the ability of the researchers to determine the specific experiences that children have during the course of an experiment |
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Definition
| a group of children in an experimental design who are presented the experience of interest |
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Definition
| the group of children in an experimental design who are not presented the experience of interest but in other ways are treated similarly |
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Definition
| the experience that children in the experimental group recieve and that children in the control group do not recieve |
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Definition
| a behavior that is measured to determine whether it is affected by exposure to the independent variable |
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Definition
| a research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time |
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Definition
| a method of study in which the same children are studied twice of more over a substantial period of time |
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Definition
| a method of study in which the same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| counting up from the larger addend the number of times indicated by the smaller addend |
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