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| An early stage of economic development in which workers produce limited numbers of goods in their own homes |
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| When farmers rely grow enough food to feed themselves and their families, trading away only a small portion to cover needs they cannot meet on their own. |
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| An increase in agricultural productivity in Britain from the 17th to 19th centuries due to the use of farm machinery and various scientific approaches to agricultural practices. |
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| A movement in Britain to merge and fence in agricultural lands in order to farm them more efficiently; forcing peasants to move to urban centres to find work |
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| Purposely breeding plants and animals to reproduce particular traits (e.g. the highest yielding grain, the largest cattle, etc.) |
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| Another agricultural innovation – letting only 1/3 of the fields lie fallow instead of 1/2 |
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| The expansion of trade and business that transformed Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries |
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| A group of individuals working together to improve economic and social conditions for its members; an early form of unions for master craftsmen only |
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| The growth of towns or cities, as people migrate from rural areas in search of work and other opportunities. |
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| The combination of social and economic changes brought about by the extensive use of machinery in production, especially in Great Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. |
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| A stage of economic development that occurs when the place of production shifts from the home and small craft shops to machine production in factories |
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| People who take risks by launching business ventures in the hope of making a profit |
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| An economic system for increasing individual wealth, based on the laws of supply and demand, requiring a relatively free market, open competition, the profit motive, and at least some private ownership of the means of production (i.e. factories, refineries, etc.) |
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| People such as Adam Smith who support or benefit from a free market & the profit motive. They are usually involved in ownership of means of production. |
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| wealthy capitalists (often used as a critical term) |
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| People, such as various British aristocrats, who opposed change and preferred the stability of existing societal institutions, or who supported change only if it made them personally richer |
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| People such as John Locke who rejected the ideas of privilege & superiority of aristocrats, as well as state religion and the Divine Right of Kings and instead believed in the natural right to life, liberty and property. In many cases, they also rejected mercantilism and advocated free trade. |
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| People such as John Stuart Mill and Charles Dickens, who began seeing flaws in capitalism and wanted the government to enact laws that would protect workers |
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| People such as Robert Owen who believed in scientifically designing model communities in which people of all classes would voluntarily work together for the betterment of all. (Later called utopian socialists.) |
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| People such as Karl Marx who believed that capitalism oppresses workers, that workers should overthrow the bourgeoise and that all people would be equal if they all worked for government owned enterprises. |
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| An area that maintained its own sovereignty but was guided by a European country. |
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| An economic agreement in which a country owns exclusive trade and investment rights in another country or region (i.e. the Europeans in early 19th century Americas, Asia or Africa) |
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| A settlement established in a remote location to be used for trading (e.g. Fort Edmonton) |
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| A territory that belonged to a European country, was ruled by a European government or its representative, and was completely subject to that European country |
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| The act of establishing colonies (the British colonization of North America) |
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| Someone who helped to found a colony |
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| The building and maintaining of colonies; a policy by a stronger nation to dominate a weaker one, in order to strengthen and enrich itself; the policy pursued by the powers of Europe in the second half of the 19th century |
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| A group of colonies under a single monarch, i.e. The British Empire which covered over 33 million km2 and 470 million people by the early 1900s. |
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| An unequal relationship between states based on domination and subordination; intentionally benefiting one people over another; often includes laying claims to land & resources through conflict & warfare and imposing political control |
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| From the 15th to the 17th centuries when imperialism involved the search for new lands and the search for converts to Christianity under the motto of “Gold, glory and God!” (e.g., The Spanish in the New World) |
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| During the 17th to 19th centuries when imperialism involved search for raw materials and possible markets for goods produced as a result of industrialization in Western countries (e.g., The British in India) |
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| The name of a poem by Kipling that became the anthem for British imperialism, heralding the need to serve inferior peoples for their own good. |
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| A term used in French by Europeans to rationalize colonial rule – saying that they had a mission to bring “civilization” to the “uncivilized” which lead to the Westernization of indigenous peoples. (e.g., Residential schools in Canada) |
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| Treating or governing a people in a fatherly way, by providing for them without giving them rights and responsibilities |
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| Being proud of and loyal to one’s country; can also mean aspiring to be independent and free of foreign domination |
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| The belief held by people such as Britain’s Lord Durham that European/British culture was superior. This attitude is seen in his quote about the French speaking Canadiens: “they are a people with no history and no literature.” |
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| British East India Company. The defacto government of India – a private trading company granted a monopoly over trade in India. (Similar to the Dutch East India Company which focused on the East Indies after being pushed out of India.) |
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| Also known as Sepoy Rebellion or Indian Revolt. When Indian soldiers, both Muslim and Hindu, who for years had been serving the British East India Company, began refusing their service leading to a turning point in British-Indian relations. |
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| A campaign led by Mahatma Ghandi and his followers demonstrating against the British monopoly on salt, which led to a mass movement of civil disobedience against British colonial rule. |
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| Also known as Anglo-Chinese wars, occurring in the mid 1800s. In response to the dangerous and profitable sales of opium to the Chinese by British merchants, the Emperor banned the sale and forced merchants to give up their stock to be destroyed. British forces were sent in twice to their defense, resulting in the loss of Hong Kong from China to the British; heavy payments by China to the British; permission for Christian missionaries to enter China; permission for the opium trade to continue and a special status for British living in China. |
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| Aka Race for Africa. The competition among European powers to invade, occupy and colonize Africa between 1881 and WWI. |
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| Slave trading centres along the east coast of Africa |
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| The territory in North America that was colonized by France, reaching from Hudson’s Bay and Newfoundland to Louisiana |
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| Hudson’s Bay Company. The British company that controlled the fur trade and was the defacto government of much of Canada until the late 1800s. |
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| One of 12 numbered treaties signed between representatives of the British government and various First Nations in Canada. Treaty 8 covered an area larger than France, reaching from today’s Northern BC to Northern Saskatchewan and up into parts of the Northwest Territories. The treaties included provisions meant to address how First Nations would maintain their livelihood with government support while also ceding land. |
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| A partnership between French and English colonists under the direction of Sir John A. MacDonald without involving First Nations. A Parliament was formed that passed various laws to do away with various Aboriginal governments and cultural concepts. |
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| The involuntary dispersal of a people especially from their homeland |
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| Boarding schools for the acculturation and assimilation of Aboriginal students run by the government or religious organizations in Canada and in Australia from the 1830s to the 1950s. |
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| Claims by various Aboriginal groups in Canada, like the Nisga’a of Northern BC that they have legal title to land based on the occupation of this land by their forefathers |
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