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Resources: had large iron and coal supplies to build/run machines. agricultural revolution left many people in need of a job, and population boom increased number of unemployed - ideal workers in factories
New Technology: Britain had many mechanics eager to invent, also had the demand and capital required to fund new industries.
Economic Conditions: Britain's trading empire gave country enough capital to invest in new industries (shipping, mining, railroads, factories) population boom created larger market and demand. Strong economy allowed for affordable goods for all.
Political and Social Conditions: Britain had stable government that supported economic growth, strong navy to protect overseas trade, religions encouraged thrift and hard work. |
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| first countries to industrialize and why they were able to (reasons/factors) |
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| Britain first due to resources, new tech, economic, political and social conditions, then Belgium, Germany and America followed England's lead and used existing British technology to further own industries. America and Germany eventually overtook Britain as the industrial superpowers. |
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| basic resources necessary for industrialization, such as land, capital, and labor |
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| enclosure: rich landowners reclaiming land shared with peasants, wanted larger fields for cultivation - caused rise in profits with less workers needed - small farmers forced to leave in search of work - moved to towns and formed labor force that fueled Industrial Revolution. |
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| A movement in the 1700s led by the Dutch, in which new farming techniques were produced, such as dikes (earth walls) to increase farming space, combining smaller fields into one large one, use of fertilizer from livestock, mixing soil, crop rotation and crops such as turnips used to "refresh" soil and decrease time waiting for soil to regain nutrients, crops planted in rows. Enclosure movement. All combined to lead to the Industrial Revolution. |
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| result of new technologies |
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| at first lowered standard of living of the working class, as they were forced to use these dangerous machines in terrible conditions with little pay, while employers made huge profits. eventually increased general standard of living once unions were created and laws were put in place to regulate work hours, conditions and wages. |
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| first industries to industrialize |
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| energy, steel, textile, coal, transportation. |
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| results of industrialization |
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| overall increase in standard of living, efficiency of production increased dramatically, transportation and communication sped up drastically, population grew, better life expectancy due to more stable food supply and better sanitation. |
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| importance of steam engine |
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| The invention of the steam engine allowed for faster transportation of goods and raw materials, both over land and sea. It also created a more portable and more efficient method of creating energy, as wherever coal could be burned, the steam engine could create energy. |
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| urbanization and the growth of cities |
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| Urbanization is the mass movement or exodus of people to cities. The population boom, changes in farming and the increased demand for workers led to huge numbers moving to the cities. |
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| importance of improved transportation |
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| Increased production led to need for faster transport of goods. Turnpikes (private roads), canals, bridges and harbors created/expanded to accommodate trade. Invention of the steam engine powered both steam locomotive and steam boat. Railroad revolutionized trade - no longer had to follow rivers. Steam Boat carried 10 to 20 times the cargo. |
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| Why population increased in Western Europe |
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| More stable food supply led to increased life expectancy and reduced risk of famine, women able to produce stronger babies, advances in sanitation and medical care led to population boom. |
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| working conditions/dangerous industries |
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| At the beginning of industrialization, working conditions were terrible, and many of the machines were dangerous. Loss of limbs or fingers not uncommon, disease spread quickly due to close proximity and hot factories. low wages, long work hours. surplus workers meant employers didn't value individual people - would fire you if you striked or got sick or injured. |
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| new method of manufacturing goods in which workers would add parts to a product that would move along a belt from one station to the next - increased efficiency of production. |
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| labor unions (goals/accomplishments) |
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| worker's organization fought with employers for better wages, hours and working conditions. Government eventually passed laws to regulate working conditions, outlawing child labor and banning employment of women in mines, limited work hours. Primitive workers compensation developed. Wages varied, but women earned less than half of men. Overall, standard of living increased. |
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| farms, factories, railways and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods. |
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| investment of money to make a profit. |
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| person who assumes financial risks in hope of making a profit. |
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| early socialist communities in which all work and property was shared - was believed if there was no difference between rich and poor no violence would occur. Robert Owen created model in which people were treated much better and were still able to make a profit. |
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| a social and economic system in which people as a whole instead of private individuals would own and operate the means of production (farms, factories, railways and other businesses that distributed goods). Wanted a society in which people would operate for benefit of all, instead of just wealthy. |
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| type of socialism that believes class struggle is unavoidable - theory created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in "The Communist Manifesto" |
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| the "have-nots", or the working class in Marxist society |
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| cultural movement from 1750 to 1850 which contrasted with Enlightenment emphasis on reason and progress with a glorification of nature - sought to excite emotion. Lord Byron, "Jane Eyre", "The Three Musketeers", Beethoven and Chopin. |
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| art movement started in mid-1800s in which the world was portrayed how it was, often skewed toward harsher side of life. Many artists and writers tried to improve life of those they depicted by raising awareness. Charles Dickens and Thomas Eakins. |
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| art movement started in 1870s in which painters tried to capture first fleeting impression made by a scene or object. Claude Monet and Edgar Degas. Contrasted with realism and Renaissance art. |
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| idea that goal of society is greatest happiness for greatest number of citizens. Preached by Jeremy Bentham in 1800, said all laws should be judged by "utility" - if created more pleasure than pain. Believed in individual freedom. |
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| refined Thomas Newcomen's steam engine in 1769 - revolutionized energy sources - anywhere coal could go power could be. |
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| invented the seed drill during the Agricultural Revolution - deposited seeds in rows for more efficient farming. |
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| American inventor who invented the cotton gin - made cotton production much more efficient and profitable. |
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| wrote "The Wealth of Nations", stated free market would benefit all, not just the rich, free market would produce more goods at lower prices - encourage capitalism. Supporter of laissez faire method of economics. |
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| developed process in 1856 to purify iron ore to produce steel, a lighter, harder and more durable substance than iron. Others improved process until steel could be produced very cheaply - became major building material in tools, bridges and railroads. |
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| American inventor who invented first electric lightbulb in 1870s - let laborers work in factories after dark - illuminated whole cities, increasing pace of city life. |
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| French chemist who proved germ theory (thought that microbes could cause disease or infection) in 1870. Also helped develop vaccines for rabies, anthrax and created process of pasteurization of milk - killing disease-carrying microbes. Led to better hygiene and drop in disease and death rates. |
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| cowrote "The Communist Manifesto" with Friedrich Engels in 1848 - put forth new type of socialism that believes class struggle is unavoidable - all of history is dictated by conflict between "haves"(bourgeoisie) and "have-nots"(proletariat). "Haves" always controlled means of production and wealth - leads to conflict - proletariat would inevitably win and set up communist, classless society with shared wealth. |
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| cowrote "The Communist Manifesto" with Friedrich Engels in 1848 - put forth new type of socialism that believes class struggle is unavoidable |
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| English author of "Oliver Twist" - portrayed realism through his story - showed reality of slums, factory conditions, and treatment of children. |
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