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| In 1768 this Englishman invented the "spinning jenny" which enabled spinners to produce yarn in the greater quantities required by the newly improved looms. |
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| List in chronological order the inventors in the cotton industry and their inventions: |
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Definition
The steam engine- James Watt
Puddling- Henry Cort
First steam powered locomotive on an industrial rail- Richard Trevithick
Engine for above- George Stephenson |
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| Jot list features of life in the new industrial factory: |
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| The work became different once machines were introduced (people operating machines instead of doing the work themselves) People took shifts so that the machinery was moving at a steady pace. Before weavers, spinners, and farmers would work in spurts and get all their work done within 3 days and spend the rest of the week relaxing but now they had to become accustomed to working regular hours everyday. Methodism “reborn in Jesus.” Laziness and wasteful habits were now considered sinful. |
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| The Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace: |
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Definition
The world’s first industrial fair
19 acres
100,000 exhibitions created by the Industrial Revolution.
6 million visited the fair
Displayed Britain’s wealth to the world |
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| List the chronological sequence of countries that underwent industrialization: |
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Definition
Belgium
France
The German states
The US
Then to the rest of Europe and other parts of the world |
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Term
| List the Factors that Limited Industrialization on the Continent: |
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Definition
Lack of good roads and problems with river transit
The upheavals associated with the French Rev and Napoleonic eras.
Borrowing techniques and practices- lack of technical knowledge was initially a major obstacle to industrialization. |
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Definition
| an aggressive business man who established a highly profitable industrial plant at Seraing near Liege in southern Belgium in 1817. He thought nothing of pirating the innovations of other industrialists to further his own factories. |
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Definition
| established the first textile factory using water powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790. |
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Definition
| the Harpers Ferry arsenal built muskets with interchangeable parts. Because all the individual parts were identical the final product could be put together easily and quickly; this enabled Americans to avoid the more costly system in which in which skilled workers fitted together individual parts made separately. This so called American system reduced costs and revolutionized production by saving labor, important to a society that had few skilled artisans. |
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Term
| What were the causes of the population increases in Europe? |
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Definition
The decline of the death rate throughout Europe.
More food=people more well fed. |
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Term
| What were the causes and consequences of the Great Hunger? |
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Definition
The population doubled to 8 million and the Irish were dependent on potatoes
The potato crop was struck by blight due to a fungus and all the crops died.
1 million died, 2 million emigrated to the US and Britain. |
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| Which European city had a population of 1 million by 1800? |
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Definition
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| Jot list features of urban living conditions in the EARLY industrial revolution? |
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Definition
| Rooms were small and frequently overcrowded. Sanitary conditions were appalling. City streets were used as sewers and open drains. The cities smelled horrible and were extremely unhealthy. |
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Definition
| one of the best of a new breed of urban reformers. With a background in law, he became obsessed with eliminating the poverty of the metropolitan areas. As a secretary of the Poor Law Commission, he initiated a passionate search for detailed facts about living conditions of the working classes. Report on the Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain- avocation of a system of modern sanitary reforms consisting of efficient sewers and a supply of piped water. |
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Term
| Significance of cholera outbreaks: |
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Definition
| Cholera was a disease during the 1830’s and 40’s that was spread more in overpopulated cities. Due to fear of this city authorities began to support the call for new public health measures. |
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| Jot list the range of backgrounds among the new industrial entrepreneurs |
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Definition
| Came from mercantile backgrounds, members of religious minorities, aristocrats. |
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Term
| Define the role and status of the artisan: |
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Definition
| Remained the largest group of urban workers during the first half of the 19th century. |
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Term
| Define the role and status of the servant: |
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Definition
| Many were women from the country side who were dependent on upper and middle class employers. |
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| Jot list conditions and treatment of women and child laborers: |
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Definition
Were employed in large numbers in early factories and mines.
Children represented a cheap form of labor (also dangerous)
Children were only paid 1/6th to 1/3rd what a man was paid
Women and children made up 2/3rd of the cotton industry. |
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Definition
| This reduced the number of children employed, their places were taken over by women who came to dominate the labor forces of the early factories. |
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| Jot list key points about the standard of living in the early industrial revolution: |
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Definition
| The Industrial Revolution increased living standards dramatically in the form of higher per capita incomes and greater consumer choices. What certainly did occur in the first half of the nineteenth century was a widening gap between the rich and the poor. |
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Term
| Combination Acts in 1799 & 1800 and reasons for their repeal in 1824: |
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Definition
| The British government, reacting against the radicalism of the French Revolution, of the French revolutionary working classes, had passed these acts outlawing associations of workers. The legislation failed to prevent the formation of trade unions, however. These new associations were formed by skilled workers in a number of new industries, including the cotton spinners, iron workers, coal miners, and shipwrights. |
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Term
| What were the purposes of the early trade unions? |
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Definition
| 2 purposes- one was to their own workers’ position by limiting entry into their trade; the other was to gain benefits from the employers. |
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Definition
| a well-known cotton magnate and social reformer. Under Owen’s direction, plans emerged for the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union. (it’s purpose was to coordinate a general strike for the eight hour working day. |
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| skilled craftspeople who in 1812 attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods. |
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| Chartist movements – its goals and reasons for failure: |
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Definition
| it’s aim was to achieve political democracy. The charter demanded universal male suffrage, payment for members of parliament, the elimination of property qualifications for members of parliament, and annual sessions of parliament. |
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Term
| Factory Acts between 1802-1819 |
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Definition
| limited labor for children between the ages of 9 and 16 to 12 hours a day. Moreover, the laws stipulated that children were to receive instruction on reading and arithmetic during working hours. But these acts applied only to cotton mills. |
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| eliminated the employment of boys under 10 and women in mines. Eventually, men too would benefit from the move to restrict factory hours. |
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| This Scottish engineer created in the 1760's an engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3 times as quickly as previous engines. The engine would later be modified to a rotary engine that could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery. |
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| This British inventor's puddling process employed coke to burn away impurities in pig iron thus producing an iron of high quality. |
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| This British engineer's steam locomotive, dubbed "The Rocket," was used on the first public railway in 1830. Britain had almost 2,000 miles of track thus further accelerating industrialization. |
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| This German writer who emigrated to America and then returned to Germany as a US consul, advocated protective tariffs in his "National System of Political Economy." His argument was counter to Britain's position of free trade since he was concerned about protecting young German industries from cheaper British goods. |
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