Term
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Definition
- he physical, mental, and socioemotional changes that occur between birth and the end of adolescence, as a child progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy
- Individuals do not progress at the same rate
- developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life
- genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development |
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Term
Child Development
Infants and Toddlers (Age 0–3)
Healthy Growth and Development |
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Definition
Physical—grows at a rapid rate, especially brain size
Mental—learns through senses, exploring, playing, communicates by crying, babbling, then “baby talk,” simple sentences
Social–emotional—seeks to build trust in others, dependent, beginning to develop a sense of self |
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Term
Child Development
Infants and Toddlers (Age 0–3)
Key Health Care Issues |
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Definition
Communication—provide security, physical closeness; promote healthy parent–child bonds
Health—keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; provide proper nutrition, sleep, skin care, oral health, routine screenings
Safety—ensure a safe environment for exploring, playing, sleeping |
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Term
Child Development
Infants and Toddlers (Age 0–3)
Examples of age-specific care for infants and toddlers |
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Definition
Examples of age-specific care for infants and toddlers:
Involve child and parent(s) in care during feeding, diapering, and bathing
Provide safe toys and opportunities for play
Encourage child to communicate—smile, talk softly to him or her
Help parent(s) learn about proper child care |
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Term
Child Development
Young Children (Age 4–6)
Healthy Growth and Development |
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Definition
Physical—grows at a slower rate; improving motor skills; dresses self, toilet trained
Mental—begins to use symbols; improving memory; vivid imagination, fears; likes stories
Social–Emotional—identifies with parent(s); becomes more independent; sensitive to others’ feelings |
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Term
Child Development
Young Children (Age 4–6)
Key Health Care Issues |
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Definition
Communication—give praise, rewards, clear rules
Health—keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; promote healthy habits (good nutrition, personal hygiene, etc.)
Safety—promote safety habits (use bike helmets, safety belts, etc.) |
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Term
Child Development
Young Children (Age 4–6)
Examples of age-specific care for young children |
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Definition
| Examples of age-specific care for young children |
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Term
Child Development
Older Children (Age 7–12)
Healthy Growth and Development |
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Definition
Physical—grows slowly until a “spurt” at puberty
Mental—understands cause and effect, can read, write, do math; active, eager learner
Social–Emotional—develops greater sense of self; focuses on school activities, negotiates for greater independence |
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Term
Child Development
Older Children (Age 7–12)
Key Health Care Issues |
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Definition
Communication—help child to feel competent, useful
Health—keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; give information on alcohol, tobacco, other drugs, sexuality
Safety—promote safety habits (playground safety, resolving conflicts peacefully, etc.) |
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Term
Child Development
Older Children (Age 7–12)
Examples of age-specific care for older children |
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Definition
Allow child to make some care decisions (in which arm do you want vaccination?)
Build self-esteem—ask child to help you do a task, recognize his or her achievements, and so on
Guide child in making healthy, safe lifestyle choices
Help parent(s) talk with child about peer pressure, sexuality, alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs |
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Term
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Definition
- development of children ages 13 through 18 years old is a critical time
- children develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, such as higher math concepts, and develop moral philosophies
- children move toward a more mature sense of themselves and their purpose |
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Term
Adolescent Development
Healthy Growth and Development |
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Definition
Physical—grows in spurts; matures physically; able to reproduce
Mental—becomes an abstract thinker (goes beyond simple solutions, can consider many options, etc.); chooses own values
Social–Emotional—develops own identity; builds close relationships; tries to balance peer group with family interests; concerned about appearances, challenges authority |
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Term
Adolescent Development
Key Health Care Issues |
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Definition
Communication—provide acceptance, privacy; build teamwork, respect
Health—encourage regular checkups; promote sexual responsibility; advise against substance abuse; update immunizations
Safety—discourage risk-taking (promote safe driving, violence prevention, etc.) |
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Term
Adolescent Development
Examples of age-specific care for adolescents |
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Definition
Treat more as an adult than child—avoid authoritarian approaches
Show respect—be considerate of how treatment may affect relationships
Guide teen in making positive lifestyle choices (i.e., correct misinformation from teen’s peers)
Encourage open communication between parent(s), teen, and peers |
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Term
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Definition
| Adult development refers to the changes that occur in biological, psychological, and interpersonal domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of life. These changes may be gradual or rapid, and can reflect positive, negative, or no change from previous levels of functioning. |
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Term
Adult Development
Young Adults (Age 18–35)
Healthy Growth and Development |
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Definition
Physical—reaches physical and sexual maturity, nutritional needs are for maintenance, not growth
Mental—acquires new skills, information; uses these to solve problems
Social–Emotional—Seeks closeness with others; sets career goals; chooses lifestyle, community; starts own family |
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Term
Adult Development
Young Adults (Age 18–35)
Key Health Care Issues |
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Definition
Communication—be supportive and honest; respect personal values
Health—encourage regular checkups; promote healthy lifestyle (proper nutrition, exercise, weight, etc.); inform about health risks (heart disease, cancer, etc.); update immunizations
Safety—provide information on hazards at home, work |
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Term
Adult Development
Young Adults (Age 18–35)
Examples of age-specific care for young adults |
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Definition
Support the person in making health care decisions
Encourage healthy and safe habits at work and home
Recognize commitments to family, career, community (time, money, etc.) |
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Term
Adult Development
Middle Age Adults (Age 36–64)
Healthy Growth and Development |
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Definition
Physical—begins to age; experiences menopause (women); may develop chronic health problems
Mental—uses life experiences to learn, create, solve problems
Social–Emotional—hopes to contribute to future generations; stays productive, avoids feeling “stuck” in life; balances dreams with reality; plans retirement; may care for children and parents |
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Term
Adult Development
Middle Age Adults (Age 36–64)
Key Health Care Issues |
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Definition
Communication—keep a hopeful attitude; focus on strengths, not limitations
Health—encourage regular checkups and preventive exams; address age-related changes; monitor health risks; update immunizations
Safety—address age-related changes (effects on sense, reflexes, etc.) |
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Term
Adult Development
Middle Age Adults (Age 36–64)
Examples of age-specific care for middle adults |
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Definition
Address worries about future—encourage talking about feelings, plans, and so on
Recognize the person’s physical, mental, and social abilities/contributions
Help with plans for a healthy active retirement |
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Term
Adult Development
Older Adults (Age 65–79)
Healthy Growth and Development |
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Definition
Physical—ages gradually; natural decline in some physical abilities, senses
Mental—continues to be an active learner, thinker; memory skills may start to decline
Social–Emotional—takes on new roles (grandparent, widow or widower, etc.); balances independence, dependence; reviews life |
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Term
Adult Development
Older Adults (Age 65–79)
Key Health Care Issues |
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Definition
Communication—give respect, prevent isolation, encourage acceptance of aging
Health—monitor health closely; promote physical, mental, social activity; guard against depression, apathy; update immunizations
Safety—promote home safety; especially preventing falls |
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Term
Adult Development
Older Adults (Age 65–79)
Examples of age-specific care for older adults: |
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Definition
Encourage the person to talk about feelings of loss, grief, and achievements
Provide information, materials, and so on, to make medication use and home safe
Provide support for coping with any impairments (avoid making assumptions about loss of abilities)
Encourage social activity with peers, as a volunteer, and so on |
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Term
Adult Development
Elders (Age 80 and Older)
Healthy Growth and Development |
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Definition
Physical—continues to decline in physical abilities; at increasing risk for chronic illness, major health problems
Mental—continues to learn; memory skills and/or speed of learning may decline; confusion often signals illness or medication problem
Social–Emotional—accepts end of life and personal losses; lives as independently as possible |
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Term
Adult Development
Elders (Age 80 and Older)
Key Health Care Issues |
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Definition
Communication—encourage the person to express feelings, thoughts, avoid despair; use humor, stay positive
Health—monitor health closely, promote self-care; ensure proper nutrition, activity level, rest; reduce stress, update immunizations
Safety—prevent injury, ensure safe living environment |
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Term
Adult Development
Elders (Age 80 and Older)
Examples of age-specific care for adults ages 80 and older: |
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Definition
Encourage independence—provide physical, mental, and social activities
Support end-of-life decisions—provide information, resources, and so on
Assist the person in self-care—promote medication safety; provide safety grips, ramps, and so on |
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