Term
| Where does breast cancer develop |
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Definition
| in the cells of the acini, lactiferous ducts, and lobules of the breast |
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Term
| What does tumor growth and spread depend on |
|
Definition
| the exact cellular site of origin of the cancer |
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|
Term
| What three treatments are there for breast cancer |
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Definition
| chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery |
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Term
| How do breast tumors spread |
|
Definition
| vial the lymphatics and veins, or by direct invasion |
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Term
| What conficms a diagnosis of breast cancer |
|
Definition
| a biopsy and histologic evaluation |
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Term
| What factors into the staging of a tumor |
|
Definition
| size of the primary tumor, exact site of the primary tumor, number and sites of lymph node spread, and organs to which the tumor may have spread |
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Term
|
Definition
| computed tomography scanning of the body. used to look for any spread to the lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| pieces of a tumor that have spread to other areas from the origin of the cancer |
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Term
| To what structures do the lymph vessels of the breast pass |
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Definition
| axillary, supraclavicular, parasternal, and abdominal lymph nodes |
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Term
|
Definition
| surgical removal of the breast |
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Term
| Damage to the _____ nerve can result in paralysis to the serratus anterior muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| What two problems may occur during a mastectomy that can lead to a "winged scapula" and have a devestating affect on extension, medial rotation, and adduction of the humerus |
|
Definition
| damage to the thoracic nerve and damage to the nerves of the latissmus dorsi |
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Term
| T/F: It is important to stage lung cancer |
|
Definition
| true, because the treatment depends on its stage |
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Term
|
Definition
| by lymphatics and lymph nodes within |
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Term
| What are imaging methods that are used to assess spread of metastises |
|
Definition
| plain radiography, computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging, and radionuclide studies using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) |
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Term
|
Definition
| pericarditis is an inflammatory condition of the pericardium. |
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Term
| What are some common causes of pericarditis |
|
Definition
| viral and bacterial infections, systemic illnesses (chronic renal failure) and postmyocardial infarction |
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Term
| What is the difference between pericarditis and myocardial infarction |
|
Definition
| Patients with myocardial infarction complain of continuwoud central chest pain that may radiate to one or both arms. Patients with pericarditis may relieve said pain by leaning forward. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is pericardial effusion |
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Definition
| normally, ponly a tiny amount of fluid is present between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium. During pericardial effusion, there is excess fluid in this space |
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Term
| What happens during and after pericardial effusion |
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Definition
| Because the fibrous pericardium is a relatively fixed structure that cannot expand easily, a rapid accumulation of excess fluid within the pericardial sac compresses the heart, resulting in biventricular failure. |
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Term
| What is constrictive pericarditis |
|
Definition
| abnormal thickening fo the pericardial sac |
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|
Term
| What does constrictive pericarditis do |
|
Definition
| van compress the heart, impairing its function and resulting in heart failure |
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Term
| How is constrictive pericarditis discovered |
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Definition
| constrictive pericarditis is detected by inspecting the jugular venous pulse in the neck. In normal individuals, the jugular venous pulse drops on inspiration. in patients with constrictive pericarditis, the reverse happens. (Kussmaul's sign) |
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Term
| What is the treatment for constrictive pericarditis |
|
Definition
| surgical opening of the pericardial sac |
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|
Term
| what is the treatment of pericardial effusion |
|
Definition
| removing the fluid with a needle inserted into the pericardial sac |
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|
Term
| What are used to establish central venous access for administering large amounts of fluid, drugs, and blood? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where are most central lines introduced through |
|
Definition
| most central lines are introduced through venous puncture into the azillary, subclavian, or internal jugular veins |
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Term
| After being introduced through a venous puncture into the axillary, subclavian, or internal jugular veins, the central lines are then passed through what? |
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Definition
| the central lines are then passed through the main veins of the superior mediastinum, with the tips of the lines usually residing on the distal portion of the superior vena cave or in the right atrium |
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Term
| In what case would a dialysis line be introduced |
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Definition
| in patients who have renal failure, so that a large voume of blood can be aspirated through one channel and reinfused through a second channel |
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