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| English scientist, made key discoveries about electricity in the 1820s and 1830s. Faraday conentrated mainly on exploring the nature of electricity. Faraday rejected the traditional idea that electricity was a sort of fluid that flowed through wires like water through a pipe, instead he argued that electricity was a form of force ar vibration that passed from one particle of matter to another.he discovered that by moving a magnet through a coil of wire, he could generate an electirc current in the wire. Using his research Faraday developed the first dynamo, or electric generator. |
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| American inventor, in 1879 created a bulb that glowed for two days before burning out. |
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| American inventor, made an important advance in the field of communications. Bell transmitted the human voice over a long distance by means of an electrical circuit through a wire. Bell patented his telephone in 1876. |
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| Italian, in 1895 developed a way to send messages through space without wires. Marconi invented for sending and receiving these radio waves, as they came to be called. His wireless telegraph became very important for ship to ship and ship to shore communication. In 1901 Marconi sent the first wireless message across the Atlantic ocean. |
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| Wilbur and Orville Wright |
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| in 1800s, the first people to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane. Their historic flight took place in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina,in 1903. The Wright brothers succeeded by combining science with technology. They had studied aerodynamics. They then used the technology of the internal combustion engine to propel their plane through the air. |
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| British nauturalist. By 1859 Darwin had spent 30 years studying plant life and animal life. He published his theory of evolution in a book called On The Origin Of Species By Means Of Natural Selection. Darwin began with a well-known biological fact: no two living things are exactly alike, not even a parent and it's offspring. Darwin combined this fact with the idea that as a result of natural dangers and limits, there were always more creatures born than could survive. |
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| French chemist, discovered the scientific principle at work. Pasteur identified microorganisms called bacteria. His experiments showed that bacteria reproduce like other living things. they can travel from place to place in the air or on peoples' hands.Pasteur also discovered that bacteria cause fermentation--- the process that makes milk go sour. In the 1860s Pasteur developed a process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation. This process was named pasteurization in his honor. Pasteur als discovered that some bacteria cause illness in animals and humans, the harmful bacteria are called germs or microbes. In 1881 Pasteur experimented with the germ that causes anthrax, a disease that can kill animals and humans. He made a vaccine that contained weakened anthrax germs and injected it into the animals. The vaccine prevented the animals from catching anthrax. Pasteur determined that when weakened germs enter the body, the system builds up substances called antibodies to fight them. Pasteur showed why Jenner's vaccine had worked. Pasteur used this same technique to fight rabies, a fatal disease that humans can catch from dogs or other infected animals. |
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| Of Great Britain, discovered penicillin in 1928. |
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| Russian Chemist, in 1869 made the first workable classification of the elements. A modified version of Mendeleyev's periodic table is still used in chemistry today. |
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| German physicist, in 1895 discovered a new form of ray. These rays could go through many substances, including human skin and tissue. The rays could also leave an impression on photographic paper. Because he did not know what caused this powerful penitrating radiation, Rontgen named the rays X-rays. These rays became widely used in medicine as a diagnostic tool. |
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| A french husband-and-wife chemist team, provided evidence that atoms were not as simple as earlier scientists had thought. The Curies experimented with the elements Polonium and radium. They found that these elements constantly break down and release energy on their own. This process ia called radioactivity. |
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| A young german scientist, published four papers that forever changed physics. His first paper examined some of the basic concepts of mechanics and tried to prove the existence of atoms. In his second paper, Einstein built on Planck's theory to describe the nature of light. In his third paper, Einstein developed his Special Theory of Relativity. He concluded that no particles of matter can move faster than the speed of light. Einstein also stated that motion can be measured only relative to some particular observer. According to Einstein's theory, then, it does not make sense to speak of absolute motion, space, or time.In the fourth paper Einstein developed his famous equation E= mc2. This equation expresses the relationship between energy and mass. According to the formula, energy (E) equals mass (m) mulitiplied by the speed of light squared (c2). This means that mass can be transformed into energy, and energy into mass. Einstein's theories overturned long-held ideas. Einstein's theory of Relativity declared that all events occur not only in these three dimensions of space but also in a fourth dimension--time. Einstein called this four-dimensional system the space-time continuum. Einstein's theories, as well as Planck's paved the way for much important work. |
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| British Anthropologist,adopted the German term Kultur to describe the set of beliefs and behaviors that a society shares. Tylor discussed the concept of kultur in his book Primitive Culture (1871), in which he looked religion and how it evolved in all humans cultures. |
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| British Anthropologist, took the approach of Kultur further than E.B. Tylor in 1890 with his book, "The Golden Bough". Frazer compared the customs different societies and tried to show links between those societies. The study of similarities and differences among various societies is still a major interest of anthropologists. |
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| French philosopher, was one of the founders of sociology. Comte argued that society, like nature, operated by certain laws. Therefore sociologists should follow scientific methods by using objective facts, not personal interpretations. |
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| used evolution as the basis for studying human communities. Spencer applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, coining the phrase "survival of the fittest." Spencer believed that human society, like plant and animal life, had evolved from lower to higher forms through natural selection. He wrote, "The individuals best adapted to the conditions of their existence shall prosper most, and the individuals least adapted to the conditions of their existence shall prosper least....Pervading all Nature we may see at work a stern discipline which is often a little cruel that it may be very kind." Spencer's theory became known as social Darwinism. According to this theory, those who had aquired wealth and power had done so because their superior abilities. Poverty, on the other hand, supposedly proved that people or groups were unfit. Spencer's view came to be seen as simplistic, however, as society became more complex. As people became more aware of how social problems occur, social Darwinism lost much influence. |
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| Russian physiologist, In the 1890s Pavlov discovered the conditioned reflex. Psychologists had long known that some behavior is automatic. For example, a dog does not have to be taught to salivate, or water at the mouth, when eating food. Psychologists call this kind of response a reflex action. By experimenting with dogs, Pavlov concluded that human actions are responses to outside stimuli and can be changed by training. |
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| Australian doctor, introduced the idea of the unconscious as a determining factor in human behavior. The unconscious mind contains the mental processes of which a person is unaware. Freud learned that under hypnosis, some of his patients could remember past experiences that they otherwise could not recall. Freud believed that these early experiences had led to their illness. Freud treated his patients by identifying their unconscious fears or desires. To do this, he studied their dreams and encouraged them to talk freely about whatever came into their minds. Freud called this process of revealing and analyzing uncoscious motivations psychoanalysis. Freud founded modern pyschiatry, the study and treatment of mental illness. People working in other social sciences also borrowed from Freud's theories. They began to see certain social behaviors and cultural attitudes as driven by unconcious psychological motives. |
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| (1860-1935)grew up in a wealthy Illinois family, but she dedicated her life to helping the poor. In 1889 she helped open Hull House, which provided education, job training, and cultural events, soon became the model for community service centers throughout the United States. Addams also crusaded for world peace. In 1915 she became chairwoman of the Woman's Interior League. She later went on a peace mission to Europe. In 1931 she became the second woman ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize. |
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| He was a leader of the House of Commons. In London in 1829 he organized a permanent police force. The police were called "bobbies" after Peel's first name, Robert. Other major cities soon followed London's lead. |
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| American, In the 1880s he adapted rugby into an early form of the game known as football in the United States. A professional league was set up in 1920. |
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| Scottish author, In "Ivanhoe" he wrote about the days of knighthood. |
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| in germany collected fairy tales that continue to be well known. |
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| wrote adventure stories that idealized the American Indian and the frontier. |
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| Russian, in Russia wrote ballet music, operas, and symphonies. his works were often built around stories, such as the ballet The Sleeping Beauty and the overture fantasy Romeo And Juliet. His "1812 Overture" commemorates Napoleon's defeat in Russia. |
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| German composer, he brought to music some of the same aims that the British poets of his time brought to literature. He expressed his love of nature in the Pastoral Symphony. A call for liberty and freedom dominates his one opera, Fidelio, as well as the final movement of his ninth, and last, symphony. Beethoven's music became well known for its powerful and passionate emotions. |
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| he wrote novels, here are some examples: "The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of HuckleBerry Finn". His novels described life along the Mississippi river. |
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| French Novelist, was a leader of the approach of naturalism. He wrote as if he were a scientist carefully studying human activity. |
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| Painter, explored the form and shapes of his subjects. he moved away from recognizable, realistic scenes. Cezanne's work influenced a group of painters called the postimpressionists. |
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