Carl Rogers

1. Approach to psychology

2. Type of therapy

3. Aim of therapy

4. Unconditional positive regard

1. Humanistic

2. Client-centered therapy (AKA Person-centered therapy)

3. To discover what is beyond the conscience of the patient, to focus on the positive atributes of the client

4. Human love and acceptance no matter what happens

Albert Bandura

1. Approach to psychology

2. Classic experiment

3. Terms

1. Social-cognitive

2. Performed classic study on aggression and imitation.  He used a bobo doll and an adult "model" for children.  Some adults modeled aggressive behavior towards the bobo doll while others did not.  Bandura discovered that children observing aggressive behavior are far more likely to display that same behavior, children are more likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if they observed that behavior from a model of the same gender, and males are significantly more physically aggressive than females.

3. Self-efficacy: one's belief in one's own abilities

Reciprocal determinism: behavior, cognition and emotion all affect each other in determining one's actions

Observational learning: behavior that results from seeing that behavior demonstrated by someone else

Sigmund Freud

1. Approach to psychology

2. Basic beliefs about mankind

3. Writings

4. People he inspired

Most famous psychologist

1. Pychodynamic approach

2. Believed sex and aggression were the motivating factors in life, unconscious or supressed emotions or memories are the most important.  Used techniques such as free association and dream analysis to bring supressed memories into the light to be examined.

3. "The Interpretation of Dreams," "Studies in Hysteria," and "Civilization and Its Discontents" among others

4. Jung, Horney, Adler among others

Performed a classic experiment using dogs and a bell (which started out as a metronome) about classical conditioning. 

UCS: food, UCR: salivating. NS: bell (metronome), CS: bell (metronome), CR: salivating

Conditioning terms:

Extinction: the behavior going away or being reconditioned to not respond to the stimulus in the same way

Spontaneous recovery: after a behavior is extinct, the sudden reappearing of the behavior

Generalization: reacting to similar stimuli in the same way as the conditioned stimulus

Discrimination: not reacting to similar stimuli in the same way as the conditioned stimulus

Five Stages of Death and Dying (DABDA):

1. Denial- "It's not happening to me."

2. Anger- "STUPID!!"

3. Bargaining- "God, if you get me out of this, I'll follow you."

4. Depression- "*crying*"

5. Acceptance- "Okay..."

Developed theory of social development.  His eight stages of development each present a basic conflict that must be resolved in order to move on to the next stage.  If a person does not pass a certain stage, they will have repercussions for the rest of their life.  His stages are:

1. Trust vs Mistrust (infancy)

2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (toddler)

3. Initiative vs Guilt (kindergarten)

4. Industry vs Inferiority (the "play age")

5. Identity vs Role Confusion (teenage)

6. Intimacy vs Isolation (young adult)

7. Generativity vs Stagnation (mid-adult)

8. Ego-Integrity vs Despair (late adult)

Harry Harlow

Developed the triarchic theory of intelligence which proposed that there are three areas of intelligence.  Those areas are: analytic skills, practical intelligence, and creative intellignece.

Developed a theory of moral development.  His theory has three stages which are further broken into two phases.  His stages are:

-Pre-Conventional:

1. Punishment and obedience

2. Mutual benefit

-Conventional:

3. Interpersonal expectations

4. Law and order

-Post-Conventional:

5. Social contract

6. Universal morals

Developed a theory of cognitive development.  There are four stages in his theory, each with certain concepts that must be mastered before moving on to the next stage.

Stage 1: Sensorimotor (birth-2)

-symbolic thought and permanence

Stage 2: Preoperational (2-7)

-reasoning, conservation, animism, centering (categorizing), overcome egocentrism

Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7-11)

-reversibility, decentration (multiple aspects of a problem)

Stage 4: Formal Operational (11+)

-abstractions, speculate from hypothetical to real

Helped develop the James-Lange theory of emotion.  In this theory,  a stimulus causes a physiological reaction which then causes emotions.

(Stimulus --> Physiological Reaction --> Emotion)

Edward Tolman

1. Approach to psychology

2. Classic study

3. Terms

1. Behaviorist (now considered the founder of cognitive-behaviorism)

2. Studied rats in mazes and their observable behavior

3. Cognitive maps: a mental representation of places

Latent learning: learning that is not immediately expressed until there is reinforcement or a reason to show the learning

Performed classic study on bystander intervention after the murder of Kitty Genovese, which 38 people witnessed and did not report.

Diffusion of responsibility: phenomenon where people in groups above a critical size feel less responsibility

John Watson (and Rosalie Raynor)

1. Approach to psychology

2. Classic study

1. Behaviorist (viewed as father of behaviorist approach)

2. Used classical conditioning to associate loud noise with Albert's favorite toy, a white mouse.

Solomon Asch

1. Approach to psychology

2. Classic study

3. Notable student

1. Social psychology

2. Studied the power of conformity by presenting people with simple questions with obvious answers (which line is the longest of this group?).  All but one of this group were told to give the same wrong answer.  Asch studied how their responses affected the person who did not have previous information about the study.  Found that many factors (such as social support, commitment to the group and the size of the group) affect conformity.

3. Stanley Milgram

Stanley Milgram

1. Approach to psychology

2. Classic study

1. Social psychology

2. Performed experiment in which the subject was meant to be "teaching" another subject (who was really an actor).  If the "student" made a mistake an authority figure (such as a scientist) ordered the "teacher" to shock the "student" at a variety of levels ranging from "slight shock" to "severe shock."  Most of the subjects followed orders and shocked the "student" up to the highest level of shock.

Abraham Maslow

1. Approach to psychology

2. Major contribution to psychology

1. Humanistic (seen as founder of the humanistic approach)

2. Created hierarchy of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, self-actualization (from most important to least important. [image]