Term
| What features should you look for in a Plasma Cell? |
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Definition
1) Look for Extensive ER (antibody production and secretions)
2) Look for Prominent Nucleoli for ribosome assembly
3) Look for "Clock Face"
4) Make sure cell is "free cell" |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a Macrophage? |
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Definition
1) Folds edges in membrane (endocytosis)
2) Filled with endocytosed, electron-dense particles (if EM)
(LESS FULL THAN MAST CELL) |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a Lymphocyte? |
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Definition
1) Big nucleus
2) Round-shaped, "free cell"
3) Very little cytoplasm. |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a Mast Cell? |
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Definition
1) FULL of granules for secretion (even more than macrophage)
2) "free cell" that is often large |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Simple Columnar Epithelium? |
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Definition
1) Goblet cells (mucous secretion)
2) Microvilli with punctate junctional complexes (different from dark band under Cilia).
3) Cytoplasm should be bigger than nucleus and nuclei should be most in plane with one another |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium? |
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Definition
1) Asymetric Nuclei distribution (different from simple columnar)
2) All cells should touch basement membrane. |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Fibroblasts? |
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Definition
1) When in doubt in connective tissue, it is a fibroblast!
2) Look for Collagen (Mallory is blue and Mason is green). These cells are collagen-secreters |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
1) Too make sure it is squamous, look to the OUTER LAYER FIRST
2) Keratonized (skin and some outer surfaces) vs. Nonkeratonized (most)? |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a Eosinophil vs a Basophil? |
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Definition
1) Roundish free cell that stains Red (Eosinophil)
2) Roundish free cell that Stains Blue (Basophil) |
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Term
| What features should you look for in blood vessel? |
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Definition
| 1) Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) lining the outside |
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Term
| How should you name a connective tissue? |
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Definition
1) Dense vs. Loose
2) Regular vs. Irregular
** Never see Loose Regular, so you have 3 options ** |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a Neutrophil? |
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Definition
1) Multi-lobe, irregular nucleus
2) Roundish free cell |
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Term
| What molecule does Mallory (Blue) and Mason (Green) dies stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecule does Orcein (Reddish-Brown) and Veorhoff (Black) dies stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What features should you look for to identify intramembranous ossification? |
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Definition
1) Osteoblasts lining bone spincules
2) Loose connective tissue
3) Absence of hyaline cartilage precursors (indicative of endochondral ossification)
4) Osteoclasts within bone spincules (reddish, multi-nuceli, eosinophillic cells) |
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Term
| What features should you look for to identify Callus? |
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Definition
1) Primary bones healing
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Granulated connective tissue |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Hyaline cartilage? |
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Definition
a. Smooth matrix
b. Isogenous groups within lacuna
c. Surrounded by Perichondrium (Fibrous/Condrogenic) |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Endocondral Ossification? What stages are there? |
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Definition
a. Hyaline cartilage precursors
b. Pink coating in newly formed primary bone is osteocytes
STAGES
c. Rest
d. Proliferative (vertical stacking of isogenous groups)
e. Hypertrophied (Release VEGF, produce alkaline phosphatase, produce chondrocalin, and form collagen X to maintain porosity)
f. Calcified
g. Absorption/Ossification |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Endocondral Ossification? What stages are there? |
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Definition
a. Hyaline cartilage precursors
b. Pink coating in newly formed primary bone is osteocytes
STAGES
c. Rest
d. Proliferative (vertical stacking of isogenous groups)
e. Hypertrophied (Release VEGF, produce alkaline phosphatase, produce chondrocalin, and form collagen X to maintain porosity)
f. Calcified
g. Absorption/Ossification |
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Term
| What features should you look for in osteocyte cells? |
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Definition
a. Canaliculi
b. Enclosed in mineralized bone
c. Great deal of heterochromatin (transcriptional repression) |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Fibrocartilage? |
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Definition
a. No perichondrium or separation from adjacent tissue types
b. Non-uniform matrix (i.e. not hyaline cartilage)
c. Fewer isogenous groups and more spread out cells.
d. LONG, wavey lines (would be shorter in elastic cartilage) |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Compact Bone? |
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Definition
a. Haversion Systems
b. Volkmann Canals
c. Osteocytes
d. Surrounds marrow (fat increases with age) and is surrounded by Periosteum
e. Cement Lines separating primary and secondary bone layers
f. Osteoclasts |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Skeletal Muscle? |
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Definition
a. Striations with isolated nuclei
b. Regular organization of filaments
c. Triad (terminal cisternai of SR with t-tubule center)
d. Vertical mitochondria
e. T-tubule found at A/I junction (straight) |
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Term
| Where is smooth muscle found? What features should you look for in Smooth Muscle? |
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Definition
a. Found in respiratory lining of bronchi, GI syste, uterus, bladder and vessels.
b. Cells packed together for unitary control via gap junctions
c. Nuclei > 50% the diameter of cell.
d. Characteristic Elipse-like cell shape.
e Dense bodies for actin anchoring (Z-line analogue)
f. Little bits of SR at surface (unlike terminal cisterna of Skeletal) |
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Term
| Where is smooth muscle found? What features should you look for in Smooth Muscle? |
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Definition
a. Found in respiratory lining of bronchi, GI syste, uterus, bladder and vessels.
b. Cells packed together for unitary control via gap junctions
c. Nuclei > 50% the diameter of cell.
d. Characteristic Elipse-like cell shape.
e Dense bodies for actin anchoring (Z-line analogue)
f. Little bits of SR at surface (unlike terminal cisterna of Skeletal) |
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Term
| What features should you look for in Cardiac Muscle? |
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Definition
a. Z-lines don’t line up
b. Mitochondria (horizontal)
c. Vascularization
d. Intercalated discs staggered throughout
e. Central nuclei
f. Fatty deposits in and around nuclei
g. Branching of muscle fibers |
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Term
| How can you tell a tendon (dense, regular connective tissue) from skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| The staining will be OUTSIDE of the nucleus in the case of tendons and INSIDE for muscle. |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a Sympathetic Ganglia? |
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Definition
- Should have incomplete satellite cell circle around cell body because of synapses.
- Eccentric nuclei
- Rule out parasympathetic b/c of high concentration of cell bodies |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a Dorsal Root (sensory) Ganglia? |
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Definition
- Complete satellite cell surrounding on cell body (rule out sympathetic)
- Central nuclei (rule out sympathetic)
- High # of cells bodies rules out parasympathetic
Aside- Axon hillocks are found with disruptions of nissl substances with neurofilaments and microtubules instead) |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a Parasympathetic Ganglia |
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Definition
- Cell bodies between muscle layers
- Fewer cell bodies than sympathetic or sensory. |
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Term
| Once you know you have neural tissue, what questions should you ask yourself? |
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Definition
- Myelinated (somatic and visceral motor) vs. Un-myelinated (autonomic)
- Do you see nodes of ranvier (EM) or axon hillock/initial segment (Light)
- What type of ganglia? |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a muscular artery vs. elastic artery? |
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Definition
- Both have larger tunica media than adventitia (tells you it is an artery and not a vein)
- Muscular artery has defined internal and external elastic lamellae, while elastic should have elastin everywhere in media
Remember, 1-4 layers of smooth muscle means an arteriole and NOT a muscular artery. |
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Term
| What features should you look for in a venule and what is its function? |
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Definition
- Single, incomplete layer of smooth muscle in media
- Often collapsed
- Extravasation of white blood cells from blood into tissue |
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Term
| How can you tell a lymph duct from a venule? |
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Definition
- NO RBCs!
- should be hardly any cell lining at all (not even a single incomplete layer of smooth muscle, just intima and whisps of adventitia) |
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