1682-1696 (with Ivan V)

1696 - 1725

1) Taxes (increased 6 fold, including a more direct tax, the poll/head tax of 1718)

2) Great Northern War, Battle of Poltava --> EMPEROR

3)Table of Ranks (1722) - hierarchical structure to Russian society according to duty, not birthright

SIGNIFICANCE: Increased involvement in daily lives of people, government now branching out and placing nobility and serfs in a specific hierarchy, with Emperor (European term) at the top. Increased legitimacy

1716

1) Studied theology in Rome and his ideas more resembled Catholicism and Protestantism rather than Orthodoxy

2) Peter calls him to St. Petersburg in 1716 (likes his new ideas, and sermon in 1709 about Poltava)

3) Head of Holy Synod (1721) - priests subject to state, and have to denounce parishioners if against state, even if said in confession

SIGNIFICANCE: Modernization/Secularization of Church, disrupting the tradition of Orthodoxy in Russia, causing a ruckus

1721

1)Headed by Feofan Prokopovich

2) Consisted of 10 clergymen, to organize the Church by new means - Structure of Russian life prior to this was with two supreme leaders, tsar and patriarch, but now just Tsar (extend his power)

3) Make sure church worked in legal and correct manner

SIGNIFICANCE: secularization of church and subject to state increased tsar's power, making his power easier to hold on to. 

1707-1708

1) Cossacks and Serfs in the Don area

2) Trying to escape government's hunt of fugitives, Cossacks have a bunch of serfs on their land, so decide to help

3) Take a lot of territory in Southern Russia, but because large unorganized group, military easily took them out

SIGNIFICANCE: First major serf uprising where government is called into question for its abuse by foreigners and overtaxation

1692-1725

1) Consisted of Peter the Great (from age 18) with his friends

2) Would mock the church by dressing up in regalia and mocking the church and its rituals

3) Even sing carols and ask for money on Christmas

SIGNIFICANCE: Made Peter seem like he didn't care for Orthodoxy, and reinforced his image as an Anti-Christ, but in actuality knew a lot about theology and even enacted laws on piety in the 1710's

1700-1721

1) Charles XII of Sweden had gained much success, especially at the battle of Narva in 1706, a great set back for Peter

2) Peter rebuilds army and navy, comes back in 1709 at Battle of Poltava, huge win and shows that Charles could in fact be defeated

3) 1710 captured Riga, the most populated Swedish city at the time

SIGNIFICANCE: Peter proves his importance and influence in European affairs, establishing Russia as a great power in European affairs, and bringing the title of Emperor to his reign 

1709

1) Charles XII had many gains, even managed to get Saxony-Poland out of the picture by 1706

2) Peter builds up/westernized his army navy

3) Peter shows the rest of Europe that Charles can in fact be stopped, and that Russia is a sufficient enough power to do so, where other European powers could not. 

SIGNIFICANCE: Turning point in Great Northern War, Peter is proclaimed Emperor by Russia, though not fully recognized until 1721 with Treaty of Nystadt, but this brings Russia indefinitely into European affairs as a powerful actor in the international system

1722

1) 14 ranks, 3 divisions - Military, Civil and Court

2)Opened status to people regardless of birthright

3) Those who reached level 8 (civil) or level 12 (military) were given hereditary nobility 

SIGNIFICANCE: Created a hierarchical structure based on duty and ability, rather than birthright. Orderly, universal service that became the foundation of imperial bureaucracy in Russia. Status of nobility is checked for the first time.

1721 

1) Recognized by Sweden, Prussia and Poland after the Treaty of Nystadt

2) Victories of Great Northern War gave Peter the status of a European power, and thus a European title was only appropriate

3) First called emperor by Russian people in 1709, because of Battle of Poltava 

SIGNIFICANCE: European title, European power. Russia is Europeanizing its own imperial structure, and is thrusted into European affairs, helping to further its Westernization and modernization as a state

1682

1) Elite Russian Guardsmen from 16th to 18th centuries, to protect royal family

2) Worried that westernization would decrease their priveleges and importance in Russian elite scene

3) In 1682, the Streltsy Uprising sought to keep only Ivan V (not include Peter I) in order to keep their status and importance and avoid the modernization/westernization that Peter would bring 

SIGNIFICANCE: The elimination of a traditional aspect of the Russian royal family, in order to facilitate a stronger hold on power and not rely so much on nobility to ensure that soveriegn would remain in power

1724

1) Without a passport, peasants/townsmen could leave home

2) Automatically made one a criminal liable to arrest, or deportation back to home

3)

 SIGNIFICANCE: Rationalist idea, enlarge the state's role in the life of the country, in each estate, and each individual 

1725-1727

1) Created the Supreme Privy Council 1726, 6 members including Menshikov, as constant advisers and associates of the monarch (MUCH DIFFERENT FROM PETER'S ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION)

2) Lowered taxes and reduced size of army to be able to extract money from starving fugitive nation

3) First to exemplify Peter's Ordinance on Succession 1722

SIGNIFICANCE: More of a sovereign rather than an autocrat, reign was years of recovery, her reign had some power but legitimacy was weak, thus 

1725-1728

1) Part ot Supreme Privy Council, a favorite with much influence in the court 

2) Raises Peter II for his reign, and because he was too young he serves as a dictator and practically rules, until Peter II thinks he's gone too far and exiles to Siberia where he DIES

3) Conduit of favors - builds palaces, has massive wealth and influence - came from lower class as assistant to Peter and worked his way up, but became too greedy

SIGNIFICANCE: Inner-court could easily turn corrupt and greedy, and the ruler needs them more and more for their influence on others, and knowledge. Diffuses power of autocrat 

1726

1) Consisted of 6 men, including Menshikov, to restore nation, collect taxes, and avoid uprisings

2) Became advisers and associates of the monarch, with much influence in the court

3) Privy drafts terms for Anna's succession, but they are eliminated upon her ascending the throne

SIGNIFICANCE: Supreme Privy Council is the way in which Catherine I is better characterized as a sovereign, and not an autocrat. She relied on their advice, and thus her legitimacy as power-holder was spread even thinner. 

1730-1740

1) Abolishes Supreme Privy Council, coup, establishes power

2) German council, including Biron - lots of power and influence and gained much wealth and status, fueling unfavorable view of foreigners

3) Limited the soul tax in 1730 and 1735 in order to account for bad harvest those two years

SIGNIFICANCE: Foreign council, created a larger division between high aristocracy and middle nobility, but had to give large concessions to nobility to be able to hold on to power. 

1741 - 1762

1) Tax Holiday - Russia is now one single, taxable unit

2) Expand Russia into more European affairs, carrying foreign policy of her father -Seven Years' War

3) Elizabethan Law Code - copy all of Petrine Reforms in order to further the reign of Peter (propaganda-like, in order to boost legitimacy)

SIGNIFICANCE: Ignorance - can't blindly copy laws, but actually assess the needs of the country at the time. In her attempt to further her legitimacy by using her Father's reign as a legitimizing factor and creating a sense of tradition and charisma by it, she lost sight of her actual service to the country 

January 1762 - July 1762 

1) Manifesto on the Emancipation of the Nobility- abolish obligatory state/military service for nobility, and allowed them to travel abroad

2) Said that if a landowner killed his peasant, it was a crime punishable by law (peasants rights are considered in a substantial way)

3) A Lutheran German, took Russia out of Seven Years' War (even though they were doing well) because of preference of Prussia

SIGNIFICANCE: though short lived reign, appeased nobles, allowed them to travel and continue to facilitate Westernization. Had a consideration of peasants put into law, legitimate recognition. 

1762 - 1796

1) Legislative Commission and Nakaz 1767 in order to determine common good of Russia, create a rational law, and teach Russians to be citizens under rational law subject to their monarch

2) Turkish Wars (First, 1768-1774, Second 1787-1792) 

Expanded Russia's territory, closer to Europe, increased ethnic make up of country

3) Charter to the Nobility, 1785 that allowed nobility priveleges and freedoms that had been limited by Peter - freedom to travel, to have rights to their land and hereditary status 

SIGNIFICANCE: Could not put theory into reality, even though enlightened monarch, and legal monarch, her inability to assess Russia's issues in an effective manner limited her success. Nonetheless, she created laws to regiment and control the new multi-ethnic, larger country and created an effective bureaucracy. Westernization, modernization, and lots of philosophical thought. 

1762, 1774-1791

1) Catherine the Great's replacement lover after Grigory Orlov, and was a favorite 

2) In charge of Greek Project, and Second Turkish War until his death in 1791

3) Potemkin Villages, put up these fake villages to impress the emperor of Austria in order to impress him 

SIGNIFICANCE: Favorites could easily have access to status, power, wealth and influence. Though he was a very able man in the realm of war and politics, Catherine relied on his loyalty for a lot of different aspects of her government 

1790

1) Wrote "Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg"

2) Evaluated the situation of the serfs, and determined that if nobility is afraid of the results of the Pugachev rebellion and the French Revolution, should treat them humanely and and not alienate them - they are the backbone of the Russian economy, afterall. 

3) Thought to be too radical, and sent to Siberia

SIGNIFICANCE: First real evaluation of serfdom in a critical light that was so forward yet use of sentimentalism (knowledge of world comes through emotion and feeling). Challenged the nobility to think in a different light, one that highlighted human/civil rights and recognition rather than the exploitation for the possession of power. 

1773 -1774

1) Consisted of Cossacks, other nomads, Serfs, Old-Believers - took idea of a Pretender (Peter III) for legitimate replacement 

2) Took Kazan, largest success. Spread over a large amount of territory, and sought to bring happiness, ownership of land, and eliminate oppression by nobility

3) But because of such diffuse groups, they were unable to organize well, and when the military wasn't as occupied with the Turkish war, his own people gave Pugachev up.

SIGNIFICANCE: Massive uprising that sought recognition by the government and to eliminate oppression by the nobility. Furthers Catherine's autocracy because of her ability to turn the situation from a desire for recognition and rights to that of unruly bandits causing chaos, and undermining the rational, just law of the autocrat. 

1787 

1) Because the Russians were not able to gain all of the land near the Crimea in the First Turko-Russian War (1768-1774), they wanted an ideological claim to the land 

2) Potemkin put in charge, to conquer Ottomans, reestablish a Christian empire centered at Constantinople

3) Succeeded in gaining a lot of territory near Crimea, and along Black Sea

SIGNIFICANCE: Russian territory getting closer to Europe, ideological claim to territories made it a more legitimate pursuit, and expansion of power over territories near the country proved Russia's geopolitical power. 

1767

1) Legislative Commission (made up nobles, peasants, and townsmen) - Could come up with laws that reflected the common good of Russia and could protest to Catherine

2) Nakaz - Grand Instruction - attempt to create a rational set of instructions for Russians to become good citizens and Russian government to be enlightened - law would reach everyone, capital punishment eliminated, a sense of duty to country established

3) Elizabethan Law Code - during her reign, created many laws that were supposed to represent the Petrine reforms, and that all were subject to. Attempt to reign by rational law. 

SIGNIFICANCE: In Russia's attempt to lean towards modernization of legal administration, in fact it took away the power of the autocrat but submitting it to the law. It was a good move towards a better, more lawful government, but in the sense of holding on to power, autocrat more of a legal monarch, a sovereign. 

1767

1) Assembled to write/decide if laws reflect common good

2) Nobility, townspeople, state peasants, and cossacks - supposed to be representative, but ended up pursuing self-interests of groups

3) Shut down after 1 year of deliberation - even wanted to abolish serfdom, but Catherine wanted them to come up with the idea themselves, thus never got there. 

SIGNIFICANCE: Wanted to make the law closer to the people to enforce the enlightment ideas of law and gain control over large amounts of people by unified, rational law. Led Catherine to more of a legal monarchy rather than an autocracy

Nakaz

or 

Grand Instruction

1767

1) Catherine's attempt to give a guideline to all literate people in Russia, reflecting the enlightenment idea that the law could indeed hold everything there is to know about, or how to live, life (inspired by Montesquieu and Beccaria)

2) States that Russia is a European state, and thus must continue to be set on the European path as an official part of Europe

3) Thinks the solution to crime is not to simply punish, but to teach, thus abolishes capital punishment 

SIGNIFICANCE: Tried to teach Russians to be one single unit/body of citizens, that cooperate by this general basis/instruction to life despite their different factions, ethnicities, social groups, etc. Attempt to rationalize and modernize Russian law

1796-1801

1) 1797, limit peasant's work week to 3 days a week

2) Authoritarian style - Infantry code of 1796, further censorship, surveillance, and an overall increased position in the daily lives of Russians

3) Hated his mother, and because she didn't allow him to get involved in the French Revolution, created an Second Coalition between Great Britain, Austria, and Turkey to bring it down (1799), but because of distrust amongst each other, started making agreements in 1800 (further involvement and calling the shots in European affairs, rely on Russia to make action and powerfully bring things down)

SIGNIFICANCE: Reinstated the traditional male succession line, and created the first real example in a long time for real, authoritarian government involved in all aspects of life and that expanded even more as a powerful actor in European affairs 

1801-1825

1) 1812, Napoleon's invasion of Russia - strategy of retreat, and holding out until run out of resources since Napoleon thought the war would be shorter than it was. Peasants were involved, propaganda geared towards peasants, burning of Moscow turning point, must reinvent himself. Force Napoleon back out. Peace 1813

2) 1809, ask Speransky to write a constitution, but it was one based on inalienable rights and human rights, not a better administrative order and rational law. Thus exiled to Siberia

3) Educational reform - created 4 new universities in peripheries of empire, and wanted all noblemen's sons to be educated - an educated society, including all peoples, ranks, and social status. 

SIGNIFICANCE: Wanted state to reflect traditions and customs (nationalist ideas), but to put it into law was a little more difficult because of multi-ethnic composition and didn't want to sacrifice his authority as autocrat. Enlightened monarch. 

1) Battle of Borodino - right before the burning of Moscow, Alex decides must turn the war around

2) Propaganda for peasants for the first time - were actually involved in the war - burn Moscow so that the French would have nothing, even if they did succeed in taking it 

3) Napoleon thought it would take 2 months max, but because of Russia's retreat strategy and holding out on resources, Napoleon was soon driven out of Russia. 

SIGNIFICANCE: Russia is once again the only country able to push out what seemed as an undefeatable force. Position of power in European affairs, establish Russia as a strong military power. Nationalism helps to create Russia as a single military, spiritual, and political unit. 

14 December, 1825, Nikita Muraviev, Pavel Pestel, and Prince Trubetskoi

1) With Alexander I's unexpected death, Decembrists see as an opportunity to overthrow the government 

2) Wanted a constitution, to abolish serfdom, and to establish human rights for all, and nationalist agenda for Russia

3) But because could not bring themselves to act on the Senate Square, Nicholas orders military to take them out. 

SIGNIFICANCE: Revolutionary or Reformist? A little bit of both, because wanted to overthrow government, restructure society and its hierarchy, but reformist in the sense that wanted to maintain the sense of unity of the country. Rebellion by nobility, not serfs. Thus Nicholas sees nobility as true source of trouble. 

1809 - Alexander I asks Speransky to create a constitution, but division of functions, strict legality not quite what Alexander had in mind. 

-Fundamental principles of administrative organization, not republic idea of monarch subject to the law

1825 - Decembrists attempt to overthrow government for constitutional monarchy - taken down by military 

SIGNIFICANCE: Implement all of these rational, regulating laws, and yet the autocrat remains untouched by them. The people naturally start to form the idea of a relationship between themselves and the government through the law, but the denial of such a constitution further isolates the autocrat from his public, making the government's legitimacy seem weaker. 

1789-1799

1) Wanted equality, citzenship, inalienable rights and to overthrow government to facilitate these new ideas

2) During Catherine the Great's reign, sparked her conservativism - though she had originally embraced a lot of the same ideas from her French philosopher friends, she became conservative and reacted out of the risks of the French Revolution

3) Paul's reaction, he intervened to stop it with the Second Coalition of 1799, banned all French clothing, literature, and increased surveillance and censorship 

SIGNIFICANCE: First example to European powers, especially Russia, that had flirted with these enlightenment ideas, but realized the dire consquences that could come from dealing with revolutionary ideas but restraining them for the sake of keeping a powerful autocracy. 

1782

1) Catherine's Police Ordinance of 1782 - took police system and gave it guidelines and organization

2) Peter III abolished the secret police and threatened to even disband the guards - thought it was bad for the state

3) Paul relied on secret police to enforce his authoritarian style - wanted people to denounce each other for the sake up being dutiful and loyal to the state 

SIGNIFICANCE: Police state was important in regulating and issuing laws that were risky of opposition. It represented perfection and idealism that autocrats wanted to exemplify by their ability to instill fear and control the daily lives of their subjects 

1649

1)A social and legal category that tied peasants to the land - In the South and Central Black Earth regions of the empire, serfs paid by obrok (paid in kind, giving landlord the surplus) But in the North because the land was not good, serfs paid by bars

2) Ulozenhie- spelled out how slaves must be kept to the land, retrieved if they escape, and how they can conduct their lives as far as marriage, property, and mobility. 

3) From Peter's reign onward, it was more common to give serfs to landlords and nobility as a means of appeasement 

SIGNIFICANCE: With the establishment of serfs as such an essential part of the Russian economy (cultivating the land) and the Russian social hierarchy (Peter putting the house slaves as house serfs, creating serfs as one class 1723), they became alienated and treated inhumanely, despite their importance in developing the land and bringing Russia's economy to work. 

1707, 1773

1)Cossacks inhabited the area of the Volga, Don, Dniepr in Ukraine and Southern Russia

2) Nomadic style of life is impeded upon by the government in two instances: 

a) Bulavin Rebellion: Fugitive slaves escaping high taxes are taking up their land and impeding on their mobility as nomads

b) Pugachev Rebellion: Catherine the Great's laws made for a more sedentary way of life and new taxes on resources, land and salt mines in order to show the expansion of law over all individuals 

SIGNIFICANCE: Their involvement in anti-imperialist rebellions and power in the South Eastern side of the empire proved to be influential, and when attempts at limiting them occurred, rebellions soon followed. Cossacks played a huge role in challenging the government for their recognition and individuality

1666

1)Alexis I changes the sign of the cross, texts and rituals, and in the Synod of 166, removes civil rights of Old Believers who refused to change as well

2)The synod of 1666 became known as a great schism, and Old Believers, lead by Archpriest Avavakum, refused to adapt and continued to show their opposition just as strongly 

3) Peter the Great imposed double taxation, and a fine for beards

SIGNIFICANCE: The importance of tradition to Russians and how it plays a part in the legitimacy of the ruler. Alexis and Peter seen as Anti-Christ's. 

1705

1) Peter, in his attempt to Europeanize and Westernize, imposed a tax on courtiers and officials

2) Beard was a symbol of allegiance to traditional orthodoxy and the original genuine Russian culture

3) Couldn't leave town without paying a fine if wanted to keep beard

SIGNIFICANCE: Something as simple and personal as a beard became the dealings of the government, by Peter's attempt to reach into the daily lives of his nobility in order to make sure that everyone was facilitating this new Western culture. 

Late 18th century(1789, 1812, onward!)

1) Peter the Great and his daughter Elizabeth's efforts to Westernize and give Russia a consistent, culture by which everyone was to identify with, enforced by law

2) Catherine the Great, wanted a rational law and Russia as a single direct tax unit in order to bring the people under one ideology of the autocrat, thus everyone has a duty to each other to learn to be Russian citizens

3) Alexander I - Nationalism plays huge part, especially in Napoleon's invasion in 1812, because bringing Russia to appear as a single military, spiritual, and political unit brought the nobility to donate to the war, the peasants to get involved in keeping resources from the French, and eventually the success of the Russian people in driving the French forces out

SIGNIFICANCE: Nationalism evolves with first the idea of a single unit of people all tied together by the same law, but later becomes an issue of reflecting the ethnicity, culture, and history of the land, which is much harder because of the large expanse of land and multi-ethnic make up of the country. Becomes a thorn in the side of Russia in the autocrat's attempt to hold on to power while still recognizing the people. 

1707, 1773

1) Bulavin relied on success in order to gain support, and with no viable replacement for the power he was seeking to take down, failure more easily occurred

2) Pugachev pretended to be Peter III, a legitimizing factor in the support from serfs who favored his policies, and thus had more a legitimate chance at succeeding

3) Pretender is when someone pretends to be an important autocrat or part of the royal family order to better persuade people for their support 

SIGNIFICANCE: Pretenders serve as a legtimizing factor in the face of gathering support for rebellion, and prove that the people seek an autocrat, a legitimate one, not just an overthrow with no direction. People can't bring themselves to see a different government structure than that. 

1767

1) Justif laws portrayed in law code, to produce an orderly society. Legitimate power comes from one's ability rule by law

2) Catherine the Great, correspond with Voltaire and Diderot, inherited many enlightened ideas, tried to put them into use in her Legislative Commission (law for the common good) and Nakaz (instruction for good citizens, law can tell you everything there is to know, how to live life)

3)Alexander I Expansion of Educational reform - noblemen's sons required to go to school, 4 new universities in peripheries of empire, and schools in districts, villages, etc so that all Russians could go to school (even serfs, if landlords allow them to)

SIGNIFICANCE: Enlightened absolutism suggested to replace an arbitrary government with rule of law, but such transparency, though good for the people to understand how the government imposes upon them and in which ways they must respond in duty to the government. But in so doing, are the autocrats now subject to the law? Brings the absolute power of the autocrat into question, allowing for people to become weary of the government, a reoccuring issue for Russia by the French Revolution and the Decembrists.

1697, 1721, 1741 onward!

1) Peter's Grand Embassy, 1697 - visited a number of European countries incognito and engaged in talks on diplomatic and other state matters, absorbing technical skills and crafts to improve Russia as a western, modern army

2) 1721 - success against Charles XII in Great Northern War gave him the "window into Europe", as a powerful military and political actor in European affairs 

3) 1741, Elizabeth's reign - freedoms to nobility (abolish compulsory state service) in order to facilitate western delicacies customs dress literature etc. and herself indulged in fashion (French dresses)

SIGNIFICANCE: Rely on nobility to facilitate Westernization, thus a relationship between the nobles and the desire of the Empire to Westernize becomes more intricate (Nobles are the only ones who can afford to spend money and time on balls, luxuries, literature, dress, and have intellectual talks). The common people thought it was too much - foreigners were bad for the customs and traditions that are inherently easier to follow than a complete upheaval of the Russian way of life. 

1) Elizabeth, about 1749, Shuvalov - exploited serfs in manufactories and demanded of state lesser taxes and easier production. The person to petition to to go to Elizabeth. 

2) Catherine the Great, 1772, Potemkin - Head of the College of War, Greek Project and Second Turkish War, an important person in the court and in Russia's foreign affairs 

3) Anna, 1730 Borin - A German, who was merciless and had many executions and exiles of people he disliked. Gained many luxuries and economic exploits of serfs for his benefit. Borin was her major adviser, the one she looked to the most. 

SIGNIFICANCE: Autocracy can in fact rely on others for a great deal of things, including foreign affairs, economic expansion, or mere advice, shows how easily power can become diluted and susceptible to corruption

Peter the Great's entire reign, 1696-1725

1) Peter increased taxes six fold

a) 1701 tax on wearing German clothes

b) Polltax, head tax, of 1716 made everyone subject to tax, not just for daily life things but for every person despite capability owed something to the government 

c) 1705 decree on shaving for courtiers and officals, tax something as simple and trivial as a beard 

SIGNIFICANCE: In the government's attempt to be more involved in daily lives of subjects to assert its power, it becomes one of the most controversial aspects of the government's attempt at power expansion. It is the source of uprisings like Bulavin and Pugachev=because of taxes. Elizabeth gives a tax holiday, but only to be better able to have people confidently give taxes and keep a record of them. To facilitate military and bureaucracy expansion. 

Peter the Great's Reign

1) Colleges replaced the old Prikazy system

2) divided government into 9 sections that focused on different state matters so that there was more transparency of law and organization. (foriegn affairs, revenue collection, justice, expenditure, financial control, war, admiralty, commerce, mining and manufactoring) and unofficial trade

3) Divy up work, be collegial with each other, and not just one boyar in charge but 9 people per college

SIGNIFICANCE: Wanted representation, not opportunity for corruption - not one boyar in charge, but 9 people who could bring different persepctives and be organized about its pursual of law. Colleges served as a way to expand the government and its ability to influence various different aspects of civil life. 

At time, it is true. By efforts of predecessors: 1) increased expansion of territories that were closer to Europe and become more constant and consistently powerful actors in European affairs

2) Expanded noble freedom allowing more focused involvement and dedication to European fashion, education and trade, facilitating cultural and economic development  

MAKING IT EASIER FOR CATHERINE TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT WESTERN, EUROPEAN THOUGHT/LAW

3) Ultimately European enlightened thought that rational laws increase subjectivity of all Russians to powerful autocracy

1) 1699 Changes Calendar 

2) 1701 Decree on Wearing German Clothes

3) 1705 Decree on shaving beards for courtiers and officials 

4) Great Northern War- title, "Emperor"

- vigorous industrial drive created economic base for nation's development 

a) naval and commerical ports to encourage trade and productivity, even in peripheries of empire

NOBILITY'S EXTRAORDINARY RISE TO IMPORTANCE: - allow them to better facilitate European cultural things, like fashion

1) 1744 - grant nobility the ability to purchase village manufactories

2) 1757 - tarriff, low export on raw materials and processed goods in order to encourage Russia's trade and industry

3) 1756 -1763 Seven Years' War - further Peter's foreign policy idea of a hegemony, great political power/influence in European affairs 

1762 

Manifesto Emancipating Russian Nobility

free them from obligatory military and state service, allow them to travel abroad 

gives nobles the freedom to explore and bring back and facilitate European ideas and culture

1) 1767 Legislative Commission - laws that are clear and reflect civil society and common good 

2) 1767 Nakaz (based on Montesquieu and Beccaria) that despite religious/ethnic makeup

3) 1775 Statue of Local Administration (expansion of government to local districts easier for administration

4) 1768-1774 First Turkish War (gained land around Black Sea and some Crimean ports)

5) 1787-1792 Second Turkish War (annexation of Crimea and some more Black Sea spots) 

6)1772, 1793, and 1795 Partitions of Poland, gain Lithuania and Ukraine

7) 1785 Charter to the Nobility - more noble freedom, hereditary status, property rights, free froom oblications of personal service and less taxation