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| A powerful Grand Secretary in the Ming Dynasty under the Wanli emperor. His benevolent rule and strong foreign and economic policies are considered to have brought the Ming Dynasty to its peak.Zhang also played a very important role as mentor and regent during the early years of the reign of Emperor Wanli. However after Zhang died in 1582, many of his reforms and policies were ignored which slowly led to the disintegration of the dynasty in the years ahead. |
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| Between 1572 and 1620. His era name means "Ten thousand calendars". Born Zhu Yijun, he was the Longqing Emperor's son. His rule of forty eight years was the longest in the Ming dynasty and it witnessed the steady decline of the dynasty. Wanli also saw the arrival of the first Jesuit missionary in Beijing, Matteo Ricci. |
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| The Donglin movement was an ideological and philosophical movement. The movement was established in 1604, during the Wanli era. Thereafter the Academy became a centre of dissent for public affairs. Many supporters of Donglin were found in the bureaucracy and it become deeply involved in factional politics. During the reign of the Tianqi Emperor, Donglin opposition to the eunuch Wei Zhongxian resulted in the closure of the Academy in 1622 |
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| First Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. Hong Taiji was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father, Nurhaci, had founded. He laid the groundwork for the conquering of the Ming dynasty in China proper, although he died before this was accomplished. He was responsible for changing the name of his people from Jurchen to Manchu in 1635 as well as that of the dynasty from Later Jin to Qing in 1636. |
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| Was one of the major figures in the rebellion that brought down the Ming Dynasty of China. He proclaimed himself Chuǎng Wáng or "The Roaming King". In April 1644, Li's rebels sacked the Ming capital of Beijing, and the last Ming emperor committed suicide. He proclaimed himself as the Emperor of Shun Dynasty. After his army was defeated on May 27, 1644 by the Manchus and Wu Sangui, Li Zicheng fled Beijing towards his power base in Shaanxi; after a number of defeats. |
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| Was a Ming Chinese general who was instrumental in the succession of rule to the Qing Dynasty in 1644. Considered by traditional scholars as a traitor to both the Ming and the Qing dynasties, Wu declared himself Emperor of China as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in 1678, but his revolt was quelled by the Qing Kangxi Emperor. |
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| Gambler and thief. Became a Eunuch to escape creditors. The emperor's favour later gave Wei absolute power over the court. Wei persecuted anyone who opposed his decisions, resulting in the death and imprisonment of many officials. He later proclaimed himself to be Nine-Thousand Years Wei also built many shrines and erected god-like statues of himself in them. In 1627, his control of the court ended with the death of the Tianqi Emperor. He was forced to commit suicide and his corpse was disembowelled. |
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| Was the second emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper from 1644 to 1661. He ascended to the throne at the age of five in 1643 upon the death of his father Huang Taiji, but actual power during the early part of his reign lay in the hands of the appointed regents, Princes Dorgon and Jirgalang. He died still a young man, in circumstances that have lent themselves to rumour and speculation. He was succeeded by his son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi emperor. |
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| War of the Three Feudatories |
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| The Revolt of the Three Feudatories was a rebellion in the Qing Dynasty during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The revolt was led by the three lords of the fiefdoms in Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian provinces against the Qing central government. Rebellion in the name of "overthrowing Qing and restoring Ming” |
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| The Five Constant Virtues of Confucianism |
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1.Benevolence
2.Righteousness
3.Propriety
4.Wisdom
5.Fidelity |
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| The Civil Examination System |
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| Civil service system of recruiting officials; this was based upon degrees acquired through competitive examinations, in an effort to select the most capable individuals for governance. Selecting men for office through proven merit was an ancient idea in China. Became virtually the only means for drafting officials into the government |
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| One of the virtues to be held above all else: a respect for the parents and ancestors. Not be rebellious; show love, respect and support;display courtesy; ensure male heirs, uphold fraternity among brothers; wisely advise one's parents, including dissuading them from moral unrighteousness; display sorrow for their sickness and death; and carry out sacrifices after their death. First virtue of Confucionism. |
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| Administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed. They provided the basic framework for the Manchu military organization. 8 Banners, 4 Colors (Yellow,White, Red, Blue). Plain or bordered. |
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| The clan name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty. Demonstrated continue reign of Manchu Emperors throughout the various successions of the Qing Dynasty. |
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| (June 1674 – 27 January 1725) was the heir apparent to the imperial throne of China. He was the second of the Kangxi Emperor's 20 sons to have survived into adulthood. Gradually fell into disfavor. In 1708, on the semi-annual hunting expeditions at Rehe, Kangxi charged Yinreng with immorality, sexual impropriety, usurping power, and treason. He was deprived of his position as heir apparent and imprisoned. Alleged evil spells were cast on Yinreng, so he was restored as heir apparent. In the ensuing three years Yinreng's condition became worse and the Emperor was convinced that he was insane. Consequently in 1712 he was again demoted and placed in perpetual confinement. |
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| The fourth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1722 to 1735. Main goal was to create an effective government at minimum expense. Used military force in order to preserve the dynasty's position. His sudden death was probably brought about by his workload. Yongzheng continued an era of continued peace and prosperity as he cracked down on corruption and waste, and reformed the financial administration. |
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