fibers from plant sources

surface fibers

ginning 

coverings of seeds, leaves or fruits,

ginning - seperates fiber from seeds 

bast or soft fibers

retting 

phloem - bast fibers, on top side of vascular bundle

retting - allow soft tissue to rot away  

hard or leaf fibers

decorticatoin  

entire leafe is vascular cambium

decortication - leaf is beaten  

synthetic

rayon 

pure cellulose, manmade

spinnerette to make fillments

low melting point 

cellulose with acetic acid

movie film  

surface fibers

cotton - gossypium  

how many species?

colors? 

20 - 30 sepecies

sw united states

also, India 5000 years ago

navy, white ,purple, green, brown  

cotton

fibers? how many?

boll?

eli whitney? 

fibers - single cells (hairs) that come off of seed coats; 20,000 hairs from each seed

boll - 4-5 section capsule for cotton  

eli - cotton gin  

kapok

1. seed and fiber 

2. can't be spun? 

thin wall and large openingin in cells

buoyant and water reistant

used in life vests - only lasts about 36 hours 

coir

short, hard fiber from coconut husk

doormats 

bast (soft) fibers

linin  

flax plant - 10,000 years

phoem cap fibers

gwin in cool climate

3 ft tall fibers

found in ireland, easter europe, belgium

cut and allow to ret (rot) 

thc - less than 3 %

levi straus - hemp jeans, from nimes france

manila hemp - abaca

pineapple cloth - vascular bundle

sisal - agave plant

luffa - remains of the vascular system of squash 

lumber terms

hardwoods - angiosperms

types? 

oak, maple, hickory, pecan, mahogony, cherry

more lignin - reason for hardness 

softwoods - conifers

types? 

pine, cypress, ceder, spruce

less lignin  

daker

filled with waste products

nonfunctonal 

lumber -

knot? 

veneer with perpendicular grain

stron gas it can't break on the grain

doesn't warp easily  

paneling

1. particle board-

2. fiber board 

1 wood chips conpressed with bonding agent

2. wood parrticles compressed, cell walls fused together 

almost pure carbon - very hot

partial combustion in absence of oxygen

middle ages - smelting process, necessity for charcoal 

resins

terpentine 

modern paper

pulp from mulberry plants

pounded, water added, and then dried on bamboo screens  

grind wood (no bark) - xylem

fourdrinier screen (fine metal mesh) 1803

produces low quality kraft paper with much lignin - ink bleeds through fiber

grocery bags, brown paper 

grind wood (no bark)

use sodium hydroxide, sulfides or sulfates to dissolve lignin and keep cellulose

leftover lignin "vanillin" artificial

40% of log lost

fillers - beutonite clay, talic, startch, adds smoothness and body 

fine qualiyt, cotton and linin

100% cellulose 

fiber plant

3-5 times yeild per acre of pulp as pine trees get 

pipes, building material, torture,

it flowers then dies  

history of plants in medicine

sumeria 

75 BC dioscories

father of botany

de materia medica - showed 600 medicinal plants

used as a source for 1500 years 

real development

neeeded systems of classification

many "herbals " written - books on herbal medicine

doctrine of signatures revived 

25 % of persecriptions - plants

25 % fungus

75-90% of rural population of teh rest of the world still uses herbs as only healthcare 

study of indigenous uses of plants

mark plotkin 

medicinal plants

fox glove 

chemical - digitalis

snap dragon family

treats congestive heart failure; leads to stronger and regular heartbeat

william withering "dropsy" 

chemical - salicyclic acid

refined into acetylsalicylic acid - present day aspring

anti-inflammatory - arthritis

anti-pyretic - fevefr reducing

anal gesic - pain reducing

reduces risk of heart attack - thins blood

reye's syndrom - from asprin flu virus

stomach irritant  

snakeroot

chemical - reserpine similaar to seratonin

taproot has serpent like twist to it

india docntrine of  signatures

treatment for hypertension

tranquilizer for shczophrenics

aloe vera

chemical - aloin

traeatment for certan skin problems and burns

stimmulated s cell growth

stop bacterial infection

possible use for diabeties

latative 

chemical - ephedrine

decongestant for asthma

CNS stimulatnt - dangerouns

"herbal ecstasy" 

chemical - vinchristile, vinblastine

lukemia and hodgkin's disease  

chemical - taxol

ovarian breast cancer  

depression

but can't go into sun 

chemical - atrophine

women would put belladonna drop sin yes to make them look pretty hence the name

major compound of opthalmic eye drops 

rye plant

chemical - ergotomine

migraine headaches and  post-partum hemorrhaging

constricts blood vessels 

chemical - strychnine

vines in tropical south america

south amer indians poisonous arrows

curare - every tribe has own recipie

old women make it

congestion in head, numbness, paralysis, death if ingested 

tobacco

chemical - nicotine

found by columbus on tabago nicotine sulfate - insectaside

2-3 day fermentation 

chrysanthumum

chemical - pyrethrum

insectidice 

roots of tropical legumes

throw roots into water and they paralyze fish 

foods from fungus 

fermentation process

1810 gay lussac discovered chemistry of fermentation

sugar - 2 ethanols + carbon dioxide

yeast fermenter - single cell fungi cell division  sacchoromyees 

hit and miss operation - somtiemes yeast/ bacteria is bad

enology - science of wine prod

louis pasteur - pasturization, above 140 degrees

viticulture - how to grow grapes  

sugar content aroudn 20% then harvest

organic acides

cold regions - high acid content

warm regions - high sugar content 

white - crush and remove seeds imediately

red - red or purpe grape, skins age with wine, anthocyanins give color, tanins - dark color 

sulfru dioxide - kill microbes

specific yeast added

old method used to blood on the grape -  natural yeast on skim of grape

alchohol around 12 %

carbon dioxide escapes 

clarification

racking sediments collect on botton of tank

sits 2-3 months

add clay particles or egg whites - grabs particles

pasteurization at this point 

oak barrels or oak chips

several months to two years