Term
| _________s are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN or PML) because of the varying shapes of the nucleus, which is usually lobed into three segments. In common parlance, the term polymorphonuclear leukocyte often refers specifically to neutrophil _________s, the most abundant of the _________s. PMNs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| CMP gives rise to __________________ |
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Definition
| All RBCs, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages |
|
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Term
| _________ is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its 'target' cell. The most important difference between stem cells and _________s is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas _________s can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| _________ granulocytes, usually called _________s or _________es (or, less commonly, acidophils), are white blood cells that are one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during hematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating into blood. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Basophil granulocytes, mostly referred to as _________, are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating white blood cells.
The name comes from the fact that these leukocytes are basophilic, i.e., they are susceptible to staining by basic dyes, as shown in the picture.
_________ contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _________ is a type of white blood cell and is part of the human body's immune system. _________s play multiple roles in immune function. Such roles include: (1) replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and (2) in response to inflammation signals, _________s can move quickly (approx. 8-12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response. Half of them are stored in the spleen. _________s are usually identified in stained smears by their large kidney shaped or notched nucleus. |
|
Definition
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Term
The _________ is a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting. _________s normally account for 1 out of 10,000 bone marrow cells but can increase in number nearly 10-fold during the course of certain diseases.
Structure
In general, _________s are 10 to 15 times larger than a typical red blood cell, averaging 50-100 μm in diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________s are generally referred to as either ______ or PMNs..are the most abundant type of white blood cells in mammals and form an essential part of the innate immune system. T |
|
Definition
neutrophils or neutrophil granulocytes
polymorphonuclear neutrophils (or PMNs |
|
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Term
| The _________ is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some of the first responders and also called professional antigen presenting cells? And are also the bridge between the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system? |
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Definition
| Myeloid cells...such as monocytes |
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Term
| what function do the secondary lymph organs perform |
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Definition
| coordinate meeting antigen and antigen specific lymphocytes |
|
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Term
| _________s, or thrombocytes, are small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA), 2-3 μm in diameter, which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a _________ is normally just 5 to 9 days. _________s are a natural source of growth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Granulocytic Cells ..name them
They are multiple types develop from a common granulocyte-monocyte progenitor? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils...Eosinophils ...Basophils... Mast cells |
|
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Term
The _________ is the region at the interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen. (Some sources consider it to be the part of red pulp which borders on the white pulp, while other sources consider it to be neither red pulp nor white pulp).
It is composed of cells derived primarily from the myeloid compartment of bone marrow differentiation. At least three distinct cellular markers can be used to identify cells of the _________, MOMA-1, ERTR-9 and MARCO.The major role of _________ is to trap particulate antigen from the circulation and present the antigen to the lymphocytes of the spleen. |
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Definition
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Term
In human anatomy, the _________ is an important part of the lymphatic system--it is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. It is also known under various other names including the alimentary duct, chyliferous duct, the left lymphatic duct and Van Hoorne's canal.
It collects most of the lymph in the body (except that from the right arm and the right side of the chest, neck and head, and lower left lobe of the lung, which is collected by the right lymphatic duct) and drains into the systemic (blood) circulation at the left brachiocephalic vein between the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________s are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). The principal functions of _________s are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory _________s after activation by antigen interaction. _________s are an essential component of the adaptive immune system |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _________s are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). The principal functions of _________s are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory _________s after activation by antigen interaction. _________s are an essential component of the adaptive immune system |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _________s belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells) by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called _________ receptors (TCR). The abbreviation T, in _________, stands for thymus, since this is the principal organ responsible for the _________'s maturation. Several different subsets of _________s have been discovered, each with a distinct function |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| HSC give rise to either a ___________ or a _____________ |
|
Definition
common lymphoid progenitor CLP or
common myeloid-erythroid progenitor CMP
CLP or CMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What progenitor gives rise to monocytes and macrophages? |
|
Definition
| CMPs.... common myeloid-erythroid progenitor C M P |
|
|
Term
| CMPs.... common myeloid-erythroid progenitor . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do activated macrophages do? |
|
Definition
| phagocytic activity .. secrete inflammatory mediators.. activate T cells...secrete cytotoxic chemicals; express increasing levels of MHC class II to help with antigen presentation. |
|
|
Term
In anatomy, the _________ is the blood vessel that drains blood from the spleen.
It joins with the superior mesenteric vein, to form the hepatic portal vein and follows a course superior to the pancreas, alongside of the similarly named artery, the splenic artery. Unlike the splenic artery, the _________ is intraperitoneal as it courses along the superior border of the body of the pancreas, whereas the splenic artery is retroperitoneal. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The _________ is an organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock while also recycling iron. It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. The _________ is purple and gray. Recently, it has been found to contain in its reserve half of the body's monocytes within the red pulp. These monocytes, upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing. It is one of the centers of activity of the reticuloendothelial system and can be considered analogous to a large lymph node, as its absence leads to a predisposition toward certain infections. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do WBCs live and what happens to them after that? |
|
Definition
| 120 days then are phagocytosed by the macrophages in the spleen. |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary lymphoid organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the secondary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
| Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and specialized sites |
|
|
Term
| HSC developing into mature RBC and WBC is called _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CLP gives rise to ____________
and what does CLP stand for? |
|
Definition
B , T , and NK cells
common lymphoid progenitor |
|
|
Term
| The HSC grow in a bed of what kind of cells in the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates macrophages? |
|
Definition
phagocytosis of antigen;
contact of surface receptors with antigens; cytokine stimulation |
|
|
Term
The antibody acts as and opsonin means what?
Opsoniazation does what? |
|
Definition
| A molecule that binds both the antigen and the phagocyte.Opsonins make a particle more susceptible to phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is a use of the digested antigen by the macrophage? |
|
Definition
| It is used by the macrophage and associated with MHC II and displayed on the surface for presentation to T cells |
|
|
Term
A __________ is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type
of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its 'target' cell.
important difference between stem cells and ____ is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely,
whereas Progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the least common of the granulocytes
contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope. base stain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
acidophils), are x
white blood cells that are one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular x
parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during hematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating into the blood. |
|
Definition
| Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called Eosinophils or Eosinophiles |
|
|
Term
| ____are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN or PML) because of the varying shapes of the nucleus, which is usually lobed into three segments. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte often refers specifically to neutrophil _______, the most abundant of the ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall. x |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, and thus x
act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS |
|
Definition
| Microglia, a type of glial cell |
|
|
Term
| A ______ is a type of white blood cell that replenishs resident macrophages & dendritic cells and (2) in response to inflammation signals, & move quickly to sites of infection in the tissues and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells Half of them are stored in the spleen. _____ are usually identified in stained smears large kidney shaped nucleus. They are the largest of all leukocytes... Half of them are stored in the spleen. ____ change into macrophages after entering into the tissue spaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Half of them are stored in the spleen, ______ are usually identified in stained smears by their large kidney shaped or notched nucleus. These change into macrophages after entering into the tissue spaces. They turn into macrophages and immune helper cells called dendritic cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common type of blood cell |
|
Definition
| Red blood cells, or Erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| The ___ is a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets). ___ are 1 out of 10,000 bone marrow cells but can increase in number nearly 10-fold during the course of certain diseases._______ are 10 to 15 times larger than red blood cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments with no nucleus containing DNA..Are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan is 5 to 9 days. Platelets are a natural source of growth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in the formation of blood clots. |
|
Definition
| Platelets, or thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
The _____has become a widely accepted model for how the immune system responds and how types of B and T lymphocytes are selected
4 predictions of the ___hypothesis
■ Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity (by V(D)J recombination).
■ Receptor occupation is required for cell activation.
■ The differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte will bear receptors of identical specificity as the parental cell |
|
Definition
| The Clonal selection hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| ____is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum. is the educator of T cells, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest lymphatic vessel . It is also known as the alimentary duct, chyliferous duct, the left lymphatic duct and Van Hoorne's canal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the thoracic duct do? |
|
Definition
| collects the lymph and drains into the systemic (blood) circulation at the left brachiocephalic vein between the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins. drain the left side. |
|
|
Term
| What is collected by the right lymphatic duct |
|
Definition
| lymph from the right arm and the right side of the chest, neck and head and lower left lobe of the lung |
|
|
Term
| cell-mediated immune response is governed by __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humoral immunity is governed by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The principal functions of B cells are to make |
|
Definition
antibodies against antigens,
perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
and eventually develop into
memory B cells. |
|
|
Term
| ____ can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and NK cells by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors (TCR). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are garrisons of B, T and other immune cells. Lymph nodes act as filters . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ are sites within lymph nodes or lymph nodules in peripheral lymph tissues where intense
mature B lymphocytes, otherwise known as centroblasts, rapidly proliferate, differentiate, mutate through x
somatic hypermutation, and class switch during antibody responses. Once centroblasts have stopped proliferating, they are known as centrocytes. Germinal centers are an important part of the B-cell humoral x
immune response. They develop dynamically after the activation of B-cells by T-dependent antigen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Red pulp of the spleen is composed of ________ |
|
Definition
connective tissue known as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color. Its primary function is to filter the blood of
antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone;
76-79% is red pulp.Red pulp is made up of platelets, granulocytes, red blood cells, and plasma.
White pulp contains lymphocytes such as T cells |
|
|
Term
| The spleen is enlarged in a variety of conditions such as |
|
Definition
| malaria, mononucleosis and most commonly in 'cancers' of the lymphatics, such as lymphomas or leukemia |
|
|
Term
| Yhe Splenic vein is the blood vessel that drains blood ___ |
|
Definition
from the spleen. It joins with the superior mesenteric vein, to form the hepatic portal vein and follows a course superior to the pancreas, alongside of the similarly named artery, the splenic artery. Unlike the splenic artery, the Splenic vein is x
intraperitoneal as it courses along the superior border of the body of the pancreas, whereas the splenic artery is retroperitoneal. |
|
|
Term
The ____ of the spleen is the region between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen.
It is composed of cells derived from the myeloid compartment of bone marrow differentiation. The major role of the ____ is to trap particulate antigen from the circulation and present the antigen to the lymphocytes of the spleen. (but I think most of that meeting is done in the lymph nodes???) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the spleen located? |
|
Definition
| in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen LUQ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock and recycles iron. Makes antibodies in its white pulp and removes antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. The Spleen is purple and gray. Recently, it has been x
found to contain in its reserve half of the body's monocytes within the red pulp. These monocytes, upon moving x
to injured tissue (such as the heart), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing. x
It is one of the centers of activity of the reticuloendothelial system and can be considered analogous to a large x
lymph node, as its absence leads to a predisposition toward certain infections. x |
|
|
Term
____ are cells found in the follicle-associated epitthey have the unique ability to take up antigen from the lumen of the small intestine via endocytosis or phagocytosis, and then deliver it via transcytosis to dendritic cells They transport organisms and particles from the gut lumen to immune cells across the epithelial barrier, and thus are
important in stimulating mucosal immunity.presenting cell) and lymphocytes (namely T cells) located in a unique pocket-like structure on their basolateral x
side. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mononuclear Phagocytic System
______are the progenitor that gives rise to monocytes
and macrophages. |
|
Definition
CMPs
myeloid-erythroid progenitor (CMP). |
|
|
Term
_____ are some of the first cells that
respond to the invasion of a pathogen and communicate
the presence of an insult to cells of the lymphoid lineage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_________serve as a bridge between
the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system |
|
Definition
Professional
antigen presenting cells...macrophage and dendritic cells.. eat it and present on their surface to show the T cell presented on the surface it is call a MHC II major histocompatibility complex II |
|
|
Term
| phagocytized antigen that is present on the surface of a macrophage to show the T cell presented on the surface to T cells is call a ____________ |
|
Definition
MHC II major histocompatibility complex II
and that macrophage or dendritic cell doesn't care what kind of bug it eats..it is NOT SPECIFIC |
|
|
Term
| B cells have _____ on their surface |
|
Definition
| antibodies (each with 2 heave and 2 light chains).. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parts of certain pathogens that will bind to the antibody of B cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens after the B cell antibody gets an epitope? |
|
Definition
it is activated and it will become a plasma cell or a memory cell..
plasma cell spit out tons of antibodies.. and the antibodies tag the bug so other macrophages will find them. AND that B cell can also present bug pieces on it's surface.. so B cells present antigen.. and it is called MHC II ..like macrophage and dendritic cells.. B Cells that do this are call professional antigen presenting cells |
|
|
Term
| NON professional antigen presenting cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is recognized by helper T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B cell activation starts with binding of antigen onto membrane antibodies of B cell
A but B cells also need something else for activiation ... and that is |
|
Definition
| need to be stimulated by helper T cells…. B cell presents MHC II to the T cell, being the professional antigen presenters that they are... |
|
|
Term
| after the B cell is activated what does this professional antigen presenter do then? |
|
Definition
It start cloning itself...into either a memory cell ... or a EFFECTOR cell Effector cells or memory cells...
and that effector turns into a plasma that spews out a volcano of antibodies.. plasma cells are also known as effector B cells..they call it a plasma cell when it start spitting antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| What cell in the body produces antibodies? |
|
Definition
| Plasma cells... or effector B cells |
|
|
Term
| antibodies tag bug for phagocytic ___ |
|
Definition
| macrophages and dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| two kinds of T cells or cell mediated immune response cells |
|
Definition
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
T h T C
they both have T cell receptors TCR
and they have either CD4 or CD 8 |
|
|
Term
| MHC I complex is expressed by |
|
Definition
| every nucleated cell in the body |
|
|
Term
| the best antigen presenting cells MHC II complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When the T cell gets MHC II it is activated
Then the T cells start differentiating
into |
|
Definition
| effector and memory cells |
|
|
Term
| another name for antibody is __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Things that Promote Activation of Macrophages |
|
Definition
1. Phagocytosis of antigen
2. Contact of surface proteins/receptors with microbial antigens.
3. Cytokine stimulation. |
|
|
Term
Granulocytic Cells
Multiple types develop from a common granulocyte-monocyte progenitor: name the granulocytes. |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophiles and mast cells... they all come from a granulocyte - monocyte progenitor |
|
|
Term
| Extravasation of Neutrophils...what is that? |
|
Definition
is induced by chemotactic factors. The cell penetrates the gap between adjacent cells.
The cell moves into the tissue space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| neutrophil phagocytic process is similar to macrophages except that |
|
Definition
the lytic enzymes of PMNs are contained in
granules rather than the lysosomes and the phagosomes fuse with the granules. Primary granules contain
peroxidase and lysozyme. Secondary granules contain collagenase, lactoferrin, and lysozyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DCs are antigen-presenting cells, (aka accessory cells)present in those tissues that are in contact with the external environment..inducers and regulators of adaptive immune responses ..activation of DC via Toll-like receptors (TLR)/inflammation |
|
|
Term
| three types of APC antigen presenting cells |
|
Definition
| macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells |
|
|
Term
| what does PRR stand for which are on things like neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| pattern recognition receptor |
|
|
Term
| what does PAMP stand for ..that are on pathogens? |
|
Definition
| pathogen associated molecular patterns |
|
|
Term
| when PRR meet PAMP what do neutrophils etc do? |
|
Definition
| let out cytokines that help the parts of the immune system communication with each other. |
|
|
Term
| the adaptive immune starts out with what |
|
Definition
| antigen presenting cell.. where bugs are eaten and then presented on the surface of B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages ..using 2 receptors, MHC II on these or MHC I on others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T helper cells react with MHC II
T cytotoxic cells react with MHC I
CD3 recruits the TCR (T cell receptor)
Th have CD4 and Tc have CD8 that amplify the signal |
|
|
Term
| Th cell cooperate and activate B cells to proliferate and eventually become what? |
|
Definition
| plasma cells and memory cells which make more antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Function to trap antigen in one location and then move to other locations to present
antigen to lymphocytes.
Express MHC Class I and II molecules for antigen presentation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large myeloid cells that reside in the bone marrow and give rise to platelets.
Platelets circulate in the blood and participate in the formation of blood clots.
Plates do not have a nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Follicular Dendritic Cells |
|
Definition
Do not arise in the bone marrow and do not express MHC Class II.
Located in the B cell rich lymphoid follicles.
Express high levels of receptors that bind to antibodies. This receptor facilitates the
trapping of antibody/antigen complexes—antigen trapping.
The interaction between B cells and follicular dendritic cells is an important step in
B cell maturation an diversification. |
|
|
Term
| Three populations of lymphocytes: |
|
Definition
B cells of the Adaptive immune system
Recognize and interact with antigen via antigen specific immunoglobulin
receptor
T cells of the Adaptive immune system
Recognize and interact with antigen via antigen specific T cell receptors
Natural Killer (NK) cells of the Innate immune system
Large granular lymphocytes
No antigen specific receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
effector cells of the B lineage. They have a high amount of ER and golgi to
support secretion of antibody. |
|
|
Term
| effector cells of the T cell lineage are |
|
Definition
T helper and T cytotoxic cells...Contain lymphoid follicles.
Additional regions of T cell and B cell activity Surrounded by a fibrous capsule |
|
|
Term
| Cells are differentiated by |
|
Definition
| the types of proteins that they express on the surface. |
|
|
Term
| The proteins can be differentiated by |
|
Definition
the binding of monoclonal antibodies that recognize
different cell surface proteins. |
|
|
Term
Antibodies that recognize the same protein are grouped in a cluster of differentiation (CD).
The antigen the antibodies recognize is called the |
|
Definition
| cluster of differentiation (CD) antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surface immunoglobulin directly binds and recognizes antigen—doesn’t require
the MHC of the antigen presenting cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ig receptor before seeing antigen |
|
|
Term
| TCRs recognize antigen only in the context of |
|
Definition
MHC molecules and respond by proliferating or
differentiating into effecter T cells or memory T cells. |
|
|
Term
T helper cells (CD4 positive)
Respond to antigen/MHC by |
|
Definition
differentiating into effecter cell populations
Enable or help the activation of B cells, Tc cells, and macrophages.
T helper cells can also become memory cells. |
|
|
Term
T cytotoxic cells (CD8 positive)
. |
|
Definition
Respond to antigen/MHC by proliferating and differentiating into effecter cells =
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
CTLs eliminate cells of the body that display foreign antigen complexed to MHC Class I such as virally infected cells, tumor cells, and cells of a foreign tissue graft. Some Tc cells become memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Function to suppress immune responses. May become memory cells
(CD4 and CD25 positive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MHC Class I—expressed by nearly all
nucleated cells. MHC Class II—expressed by certain antigen presenting cells only. |
|
|
Term
| T helper cells can be subdivided into 5 groups: |
|
Definition
TH1: Regulate immune response to intracellular pathogens
TH2: Regulate response to extracellular pathogens
TH17: Secrete interleukin-17 (IL-17) and are important in cell-mediated immunity and defense against fungi.
TREG: Inhibit the immune response.
Arise during maturation in the thymus from autoreactive T cells.
Also generated at site of immune response.
Express CD4 and CD25.
Help to suppress autoreactive responses.
TFH: T follicular helper cells that play a role in
humoral immunity and regulate B cell development
in germinal centers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Innate.. granular lymphocytes..cytotoxic activity against viruses etc..do not recognize these cells in an antigen specific manner. See abnormalities in surface proteins of target cells or recognize differences in the amount of MHC Class I receptors on the surface of target cells. Express CD16, a membrane receptor that recognizes antibodies that are tumor or viral specific ..flags them.. |
|
|
Term
| The CD16 proteins on the surface of the NK cells |
|
Definition
then bind to the other end
of the antibodies (Fc portion). The binding of the NK cell to the antibody
coated cell leads to the destruction of the antibody coated cell = antibodydependent
cell mediated cytotoxicity or ADCC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. A novel cell exhibits characteristics of both NK and T cells.
2. Express T cell receptors—antigen specific.
3. TCRs of NKT do NOT recognize MHC but instead recognize CD1.
4. Express CD16 and some express CD4.
5. Kill target cells by releasing cytotoxic granules.
6. Activated NKT secrete large amounts of cytokines need to support antibody
production by B cells and the development of Tc cells.
7. May contribute to development of asthma and may lay a role inhibiting
autoimmunity and cancer. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Organs of the immune system |
|
Definition
Lymph Nodes Spleen
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Sites where mature lymphocytes interact with antigen. |
|
|
Term
| thymus structure (where T cells mature) |
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Definition
The lobes are separated from each other by trabecular..Lobules are organized into cortex and medullary layers...The cortex is densely packed with immature thymocytes.. medulla is sparsely populated with thymocytes..Both are covered with a stromal
cell network made of epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.. Stromal cells are important for thymocyte growth and maturation. |
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Term
| Only the thymocytes that have a TCR that recognizes antigen in the context of MHC |
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Definition
are allowed to
live and leave the thymus. |
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Term
| the site of B cell maturation |
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Definition
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Term
generate bone and control
differentiation of HSCs. |
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Definition
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Term
line the blood vessels and regulate
HSC differentiation |
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Definition
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Term
send processes connecting cells to
bone, blood vessels, and neurons. |
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Definition
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Term
| control the release of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow. |
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Definition
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Term
contains quiescent HSCs that
associate with osteoblasts. |
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Definition
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Term
contains HSCs that have been
mobilized to leave or to differentiate. |
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Definition
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Term
can return to the bone
marrow and take-up long term residence |
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Definition
| Fully mature myeloid and lymphoid cells |
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Term
| The fluid component of blood (plasma) seeps through the walls of capillaries intosurrounding tissue, creating what? |
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Definition
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Term
From lymph vessels lymph is carried to regional lymph nodes and ultimately the lymph is
returned to the blood through the |
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Definition
| thoracic duct or right lymph duct. |
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Term
The____ is the largest lymphatic vessel, empties into the subclavian vein and collects lymph from all of the body
except the right arm and right side of the head |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___collect lymph from the right arm and right side of the head and empties into the right subclavian vein. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are formed from organized lymphoid tissue, consisting of aggregates of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells surrounded by a network of draining lymphoid capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
_____is found along vessels of the
lymphatic system, in the lung, in the lamina propria of the intestinal
wall |
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Definition
| Diffusely arranged lymphoid tissue |
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Term
____are follicles that are not activated by antigen.
They contain a network of follicular dendritic cells and small
resting B cells. |
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Definition
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Term
_________ are generated when primary follicles receive an
antigenic challenge. The follicle increased in size due to
proliferating cells. |
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Definition
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Term
In the secondary follicles a ring of concentrically packed cells surround
the center = ____. The cells consist mainly of
proliferating B cells with some nondividing B cells and some
helper T cells interspersed with macrophages and follicular
dendritic cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ are the most highly organized secondary lymphoid organs. |
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Definition
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Term
___Includes Peyer’s patches, tonsils, appendix, lymphoid follicles of
lamina propria, and mucous membranes of upper airways, bronchi, and genitourinary tract. |
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Definition
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue ( MALT)—less organized lymphoid
tissue |
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Term
| _____ are the sites where immune responses are mounted to antigens that are present in the lymph. |
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Definition
Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes (LN) |
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Term
____ are the first organized lymphoid structure to encounter
antigens. |
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Definition
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Term
______ a are encapsulated and contain a reticular network of
lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Following antigenic challenge primary follicles enlarge into
secondary follicles, which contain ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| three regions of the lymph node |
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Definition
Cortex: containing B cells, macrophages, and follicular dendritic cells arranged in follicles.
Paracortex: layer beneath the cortex containing T cells and dendritic cells
Medulla: innermost layer and the site where lymphocytes exit the LN through the efferent lymphatic vessels.
Antibody secreting plasma cells are found here. |
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Term
| Once antigen enters the lymph node it is trapped, processed and presented by ___ in the subcapsular sinus or cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| The trapped antigen is in the lymph node it is then ______ present in the paracortex. T & B cells become activated. |
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Definition
| passed to B cells or APCs which present antigen to T cells |
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Term
Following infection, lymph leaves the node through the _____
and takes with it antibody secreted by plasma cells and a high number
of lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Naïve T cells browse MHC-peptide antigen on dendritc cells in the
paracortex. The paracortex contains a web of fibroblast reticular cells (FRCs).
• The FRC guides T cell movements |
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Term
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Definition
B cells interact with follicular dendritic cells which guide their movement.
• B cells recognize free antigen via their B cell receptors |
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Term
| T cell B cell Interactions in the lymph node |
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Definition
B cells in the LN can process antigen for presentation and then migrate to the paracortex topresent antigen to T cells.
• T cells that become activated signal B cell activation and differentiation.
• Once activated B cells can differentiate into plasma cells or can re-enter the follicle to form a
germinal center or secondary follicle.
• B cells and T cells that become activated can differentiate into memory cells and can stay in the lymph node or travel to other lymphoid tissue. |
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Term
| the ____ specializes in filtering blood and trapping blood-borne pathogens. |
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Definition
spleen
the lymph nodes just for traps antigen |
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Term
Blood borne pathogens and lymphocytes are carried into the spleen via the ___
rather than by lymphatic vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
Two types of compartments exist within the
spleen: |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ is the site where defective rbcs are destroyed by splenic macrophages. |
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Definition
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Term
The ___surrounds the branches of
the splenic artery and forms the
periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS). |
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Definition
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Term
PALS has mainly T cells and the primary lymphoid follicles attached to PALS are populated with B cells.
The marginal zone around PALs has lymphocytes and macrophages.
in the marginal zone.
the antigen is trapped by dendritic cells which process it and carry it to PALS where the antigen is
presented to lymphocytes.
Following antigenic challenge, primary follicles develop into secondary follicles which contain____ which contain rapidly dividing B cells and plasma cells surrounded by clusters of lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
___ is associated with the mucous
membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems--Bronchusassociated
lymphoid tissue (BALT) and Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). |
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Definition
| The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT |
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Term
| MALT contains a large population of plasma cells, secreting ______ |
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Definition
| large amounts of antibody |
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Term
More about MALT.
______, a type of epithelial cell are involved in antigen processing. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
M cells contain an membrane bound pocket that invaginates in from the basolateral membrane.
M cells endocytose antigen from the lumen of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts.
The antigen is transported across the cell within a vesicle and is then released into a basolateral
pocket.
The basolateral pocket is filled with B and T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.
Antigen delivered to the basolateral pocket then interacts with the APCs and the lymphocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
Antigen transported across the epithelial layer by M cells at an inductive site activates B cells in
the underlying lymphoid follicles.
B cells become activated and then differentiate into IgA secreting plasma cells and migrate along
the submucosa.
IgA is a specialized antibody and its secretion is important for fighting infections at the mucosal
surface. |
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Term
Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
The skin is the largest organ in the body and plays
an important role in innate immunity. |
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Definition
Keratinocytes secrete cytokines to regulate inflammatory reactions.
Langerhans cells (dendritic cells) are scattered
throughout the epithelial cell matrix. Langerhans cells process antigen, migrate to lymph nodes, and present antigen to T helper cells
Intraepidermal lymphocytes (mostly T cells) are also present with in epidermis and are thought to combating antigens that enter through the skin. |
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