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| - Brought back principle of immunization from the Ottoman Empire |
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-1st to immunize without using viral forms
-used cowpox to immunize against small pox |
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-Father of Modern Biology
-first to philosophize about immunity
-attenuated bacteria serendipitously
-researched chicken cholera |
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-studying larva of starfish
-rose thorn
-serendipitously discovered macrophages
-collaborated with Koch and Nicer |
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-non-specific immunity
-cellular immunity |
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-part of innate immunity
-discovered by Elie Metchnikoff |
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-worked with Pasteur and Chamberland to attenuate chicken cholera
-along with Yersin, 1st to describe bacterial toxins |
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-Yersinia pestis
-along with Roux, 1st to describe bacterial toxins |
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| 1st to describe bacterial toxins |
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-Described the humoral defense mechanism
-did not see macro or microphages
-cells lysed "magically" |
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| Emil von Behrin & S. KitA SATO |
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Definition
-Developed antitoxins to chlostridium
-developed serum therapy |
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| -part of blood constituents which does not contain clotting factors |
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| Edward Durham & Max von Gruber |
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Definition
-Described the phenomena of agglutination -basis for the development of the Widal test |
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-serological test -based on discoveries made by Durham-von Gruber Serological agglutination test for typhoid fever.
The test is based on the presence of agglutinating antibodies against paratyphoid bacteria in the patient’s serum. It is mainly used for indirect confirmation of salmonellosis (as against typhus abdominalis, paratyphus, and brucelloses), but also for diagnosing infectional diseases like shigelloses, tularaemia and spotted fever.
- discovered Bacterial agglutination -It was first briefly reported by Durham, and then described by Gruber and Durham -test for typhoid |
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| What discovery led to the practice of passive immunity? |
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| -the discovery of antitoxins and development on serotherapy by von Behring and KitO SATO |
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| -discovered "complement" which explained the Pfeiffer Phenomena |
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-Buchner-Bordet
-originally demonstrated with RBC
-proteins C1-C9
-cause cascade |
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-"Father of Immunology"
-Developed the theory of Antibody Formation |
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-ABO blood typing system
-Rh factor (1940-44)
-also described a hapten |
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| -Anaphylaxis due to an extreme sensitivity |
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-noted timing of injection critical
-studied eels
-successive injections boost response if done in proper timing
-described 1`, 1`, & 3` stages of syphyllus |
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-Poly-neucrotic leasions developed when 2nd shot given in new place
-similar rxn to anaphalazis byt not as rapid |
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Definition
-described why people got sick upon pasive immune injection
-called serum sickness |
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-mild anaphylactic
-caused by the injection of a passive immune agent developed in animal serum
-snake handlers often have this problem |
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| -described stages of syphilis |
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| coined term allergy to describe hypersensitive rxn |
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| Action of histamine cases contraction = sneeze |
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-1st described by Landseiner
-which causes no antibody or cellular response
-by itself, it is too small to enlist a response |
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-BCG TB
-thought to be used to stimulate immune response in HIV patients |
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#1 bacterial infection in the world
-creates calcified lungs
-discovered by Calmette-Guerin |
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-developed modern day TB test
-use tuberculin - which Koch died from |
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Heidelerger-Kendall
(1935-36) |
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| -named antibodies gamma globulins due to location in centrifuge |
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-Immunofluorescence
labeled antibodies with fluorine dyes |
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| -technic used to visualize subcellular distribution of biomolecules of interest |
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| designed by Freund to highten immuno responses |
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| -described cellular transfer in allergic responses |
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-Immunological unresponsiveness
-low dose "T" vs. high dose "T"
-not enough injected=non-responsive immune and vice versa |
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| Peter Medawar-Burnet, Macfarlane |
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| -anti-globulin test for incomplete Rh-Ab |
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-1st to demonstrate soluble-soluble rxns
-liquid Ab + liquid Ag
-precipitation ring
-single diffusion |
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-double diffusion precipitation rxn in gel
-determines how closely related Ag are |
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| -Ab formed in plasma cells |
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plasma cells.
-as described by Fagreus
-cells "frag"ment from plasma to others |
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Definition
| Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
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| Bursa of Fabrisias equivalent to ...in humans |
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Definition
| GALT equivalent to...in chicken |
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| Developmental location of B-cells in humans |
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| chemical mediators of the lymphatic system |
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| Developmental location of T-cells in humans |
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| site of origin of T-cells |
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-described the structure of ABO markers
-detailed antigenic structure of ABO system |
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| -described agammaglobulinemia in humans |
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Term
| agammaglobulinemia/hypogammaglobulinemia |
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Definition
-as described by Bruton
-lack B-cells
-have cellular immunity but not against bacteria b/c lack humoral immunity
-those influence by diseased gene can survive through aid of passive immunity |
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-Immunoelectrophoresis
-IgA detected** |
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histocompatibility; autoimmune studies
-antigens and diseases |
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| Jerne - macFarlane Burnet (1955-57) |
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Definition
| -described the Clonal Selection Theory |
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Definition
| Burnett explained immunological memory as the cloning of two types of lymphocyte. One clone acts immediately to combat infection whilst the other (virgin cells) is longer lasting, remaining in the immune system for a long time, which results in immunity to that antigen |
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| linked allergy and antihistimine to intercede histimine stimulated reactions |
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histocompatibility of Ag on leukocytes
-Blood typing in essence is HLA (Human leukocyte antigens)
-CD4 & CD8 |
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-described structure of Igs
-2 heavy chains & 2 light
-done by electrophoresis methods practiced by Kabat |
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