Term
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Definition
| -Marker for monocytes and macrophages |
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Term
| Signal to go from stem cell to lymphoid progenitor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Signal to go from stem cell to myeloid progenitor cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -T Helper cell marker (use MHC II) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Marker for cytotoxic T cells (use MHC I) |
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Term
| What marks B cells? How about very early B cells? |
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Definition
-CD19, 20, and 21
-Early B cells marked by CD10 (aka CALLA) (diagnostic in malignancies) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| B cell receptor types and components? |
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Definition
-can be either IgM or IgD types; the isotypes (use heavy chain constant regions μ and δ respectively)
-In addition, the light chain constant region can be either κ or λ
-The variable region is responsible for the idiotype and consist of V, D, and J regions (variable, diversity, and joining)
-The light chain variable region has only V and J regions
-It has a flexible hinge joint
-It can be released |
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Term
| T Cell receptor types and composition? |
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Definition
-Just one type (TCR) (technically two; can be γδ also)
-Basically it's one cut off arm of BCR
-It is composed of glycoprotein α (light-like) and β (heavy-like) chains with the same VDJ system as BCRs
-It is ridged with no hinge joint (because it is monovalent)
-It cannot be released
-It requires membrane bound antigens (action of presenting cells; B Cells, dendrites, and macrophages) |
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Term
| Which side of the peptide faces out/in in respect to T and B cell receptors? |
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Definition
| -The N terminus faces outward and is part of the variable region |
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Term
| What are the signal transduction molecules for B and T cells? |
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Definition
-B Cells use Ig-α and Ig-β and CD (cluster of differentiation) 19 and 21
-T cells use only CD3 (has ITAM attached inside; Lima) |
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Term
| What are the presenting cell types? |
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Definition
| -B cells, dendrites, and macrophages |
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Term
| Idiotype of B cell receptors? How many types/cell? |
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Definition
-Refers to the antigen binding specificity
-Only one type per cell (same with T) |
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Term
| Isotype of B cell receptors and number/cell? |
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Definition
-There are two types; IgM and IgD
-Both exist simultaneously (only one isotype for T cells) |
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Term
| Where do we find monocytes and macrophages? |
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Definition
-Monocytes are in the blood
-They differentiate into macrophages and move into tissues |
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Term
| Where do we find dendritic cells? What are the kinds? |
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Definition
-They are in tissue and epithelia
-There are follicular dendritic cells, which handle long-term storage of antigens for reference by memory B cells
-There are also APC dendritic cells, which function in antigen processing and presentation |
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Term
| Where do we find the granulocytes and what do they do? |
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Definition
-BEN & M are all in the bloodstream
-Basophils are nonphagocytic and cause allergic reactions
-Eosinophils kill antibody coated parasites (also allergic reactions)
-Neutrophils are phagocytic and activate bactericidal response. They are first on the site and most abundant* |
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Term
| Where do we find mast cells? |
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Definition
-Tissues, epithelia, and mucosa
-Involved in allergic response |
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Term
| Where do you find NK cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme gives B and T cell receptors more diversity? What regions does it act on? |
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Definition
-Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)
-It randomly inserts bases at VDJ junctions
-Active for heavy chain in B cells but not for light chain
-Active in both chains of T cells
-Can be used as a marker for early stage T and B cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
-only present very early in cell development |
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Term
| What happens if the Ig produced is not functional when we're making a B or T cell? |
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Definition
| -We can try and use the other strand of DNA, and if that doesn't work we just do apoptosis |
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Term
| What is allelic exclusion? |
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Definition
-Once we get a functional Ig product, we shut down production on the Ig from the other DNA homolog
-Result is 1 idiotype per cell |
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Term
| Hematoxylin is _______, the color _______, and stains the _______. Eosin is _______, the color _______, and stains the ________. |
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Definition
-Basic, blue, nucleus
-Acidic, red-orange, cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
-Process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by an opsonin (typically antibody)
-Basically, it is the coating of invaders in antibody |
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Term
| Which chain undergoes rearrangement first for BCRs and TCRs? (include the weird ones for TCR) |
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Definition
-The heavy chain and β chain get rearranged first
-When you are talking about the developmental chain rearrangement for T cells, however, γδ chains are produced early in fetal life with the arrangement order being γδβ....α (α is the late bloomer here) |
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Term
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Definition
-Only in T & B cells
-Encoded by rag1 & 2 |
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Term
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Definition
-For heavy chain; D-J, then V-DJ, then transcription, then VDJ-C, then translation.
-For light chain; V-J, then transcription, then VJ-C, then translation
-Note that for the light chain, we have separate κ and λ DNA, each with it's own unique V & J regions (so we add them when doing the math), whereas there is only one VDJ segment associated with μ, δ, γ etc.
-There are two possible C's in both cases; Mu/Delta & Kappa/Lambda
-(ref. page 14)
-Notice that all the constant regions are retained in the final DNA that will be used (with the other strand shut down). This allows for class switching. |
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Term
| What happens when we have bad rag genes? |
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Definition
-We get either Omenn syndrome or SCIDS
-For Omenn syndrome, we have a missense mutation and only partial activity of rag enzymes (recombinases)
-causes lack of B cells and low T cells
-In SCIDS version, we have a null mutation in rag1 or 2 genes
-Causes lack of B and T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -Migration of cells up concentration gradient of molecules ---can be from chemokines such as IL-8, f-Met, etc. |
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Term
| Signal to release platelets? |
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Definition
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Term
| Signal to become an eosinophil? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can B cells process antigens for presentation? |
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Definition
-Yes, but it's limited
-Present them on MHC Class II's to Th cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Functions as a chemokine (results in chemotaxis)
-Mainly produced by macrophages
-Attracts neutrophils and other granulocytes and also by recruiting other chemokines from epithelial cells
-Stimulates phagocytosis once cells are on site |
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Term
| How many idiotypes should we have with 40 VH, 2 DH, and 2 JH genes for heavy chain; 20 Vκ, 1 Jκ; and 10Vλ, 2Jλ for light chain? |
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Definition
40 x 2 x 2 ([20 x 1] + [10 x 2])
160 x 40 = 6400
-Note that the κ and λ diversities are added together because they are on different chromosomes and can't both be used at once (can pretend they all get added together as one chromosome) |
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