Term
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Definition
Reistance to infectious diseases.
Occurs after the immune system recognizes and eliminates the pathogen. |
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Term
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Definition
Collection cells, tissues and molecules that mediate this resistance.
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Term
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Definition
| Coordinated reaction of cells and molecules to infectious agents. |
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Term
Vaccination (Immunization)
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Definition
| Preventing severe diseases by teaching the immune system with an infectious agent that cannot cause disease. |
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Term
| Pathigens can be divided into _____, _____, _____, and ______. |
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Definition
| Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites. |
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Term
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Definition
Always present - mediates initial protection.
Rapidly eliminates organisms that make it past barriers.
Contains infection within site.
Causes inflammation at site of infection (calor, dolor, rubor, tumor).
Cells (effectors) and proteins (complement, cytokines) |
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Term
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Definition
Provides long-lasting highly specialized defense.
Mediated by lymphocytes that are selected by antigen recognition (clonal selection) and undergo clonal expansion.
Immunologic memory (acquired and protective immunity) |
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Term
| Recognition mechanisms of innate immunity |
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Definition
Rapid Response (Hours)
Fixed
Limited number of specificities
Constant during response
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Term
| Recognition mechanisms of adaptive immunity |
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Definition
Slow response (days to weeks)
Variable
Numerous highly selective specificities
Improve during response |
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Term
Cells of the Immune System
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Definition
Mainly Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Derived from pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells via hematopoiesis (1.Yolk sac of embryo, 2.Liver/Spleen of fetus, and 3. Bone marrow just before birth).
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Term
| Cells of the Innate Immune System |
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Definition
Granulocytes (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes aka neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils)
Monocytes/Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Mast Cells
Natrual Killer Cells
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Term
| Functions of Polymorphonuclear leukocytes aka Neutrophils |
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Definition
Most abundant WBC
Capture, Phagocytosis, Killing
Short lived effectors of innate immunity
PUS
Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
Defens against intestinal parasites and helminth worms
Killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents. |
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Term
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Definition
Regulating immune response to parasites
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Term
Neutrophils are stored in ____ _____.
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Definition
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Term
Functions of Monocytes/Macrophages
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Definition
General Scavengers
Phagocytosis/killing
Antigen presentation
LONG-lived cells
Monocyte - Circulating precursor cell to macrophage
Macrophage - Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Activtion of T cells and inititation of immune response. |
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Term
| Funcitons of Dendritic Cells |
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Definition
Phagocytosis of antigens
Antigen presentation
Activation of T cells and inititation of adaptive immune response |
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Term
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Definition
Not derived form granulocyte precursor
Contribute to inflamation
Reside in connective tissue
Expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents |
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Term
| Functions of Natural Killer cells |
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Definition
Lymphocytes of innate immunity
Kill virus-infected cells
Secrete cytokines |
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Term
Cells of the Adaptive Immune system and their functions
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Definition
B Lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes (smaller than NK cells, agranular when unstimulated by antigen)
The ONLY cells that produce specific receptors for antigens, KEY mediators of adaptive immunity |
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Term
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Definition
Mediators of cell-mediated immunity
TCR recognizes antigen
CD4+ helper T cell
CD8+ cytotoxic T cell |
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Term
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Definition
Mediators of humoral immunity
Surface antibody
Antibody production |
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Term
| Primary (generative) lymphoid tissues |
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Definition
Express antigen receptors and attain maturity
Bone marrow and thymus |
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Term
| Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid tissue |
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Definition
Concentrate antigen
Naive lymphocytes meet antigen
Development of adaptive response
Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal immune system |
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Term
| Lymphocyte recirculation and homing |
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Definition
Allows lymphocytes to survey entire body for infection or foreign antigen
Maintains balanced distribution of lymphocytes in tissues
Nota a random event |
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Term
| Adaptive immunity to tissue infections- the lymph node |
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Definition
Pathogen form site of infection reach lymph nodes via lymphatics
Lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood via lymphatics
Venous blood returns to the heart
Naive lymphocytes arrive at lymph nodes in arterial blood
Blood-borne lymphocytes meet lymph-borne pathogens and their products |
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Term
| Architecture of the lymph node |
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Definition
Drain all epithelia, connective tissues, and parenchymal organs.
APC's in lymph nodes sample antigens that may be present in fluids
Dendritic cells and macrophages capture antigen in periphery and enter lymph nodes via afferent vessel
5 x 10^6 lymphocytes enter and leave every minute
Zones within the lymph node are critical for activation of B and T cells and development of their effector functions |
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Term
| Effector T lymphocyte recirculation |
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Definition
| Effector T lymphocytes home to inflamed or infected tissues anywhere |
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Term
| Activation of adaptive immunity in the draining lymph node |
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Definition
Lymph draining from infected tissue via afferent lymphatic vessel
Macrophage engulf bacterium
T cells activated by dendritic cells in lymph node |
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Term
| Adaptive immunity to blood stream infections - the spleen |
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Definition
Organisms that enter the blood are filtered by the spleen
Splenic macrophages, dendritic cells take up organisms and their products
Stimulate B and T cells in the white pulp
Children with asplenia are highly susceptible to encapsulated bacteria ( streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae). Vaccination required to protect them
Adults who have encountered these pathogens (or who were vaccinated in childhood) have less risk (may require vaccination against S. pneumonia) |
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Term
| Adaptive immunity against mucosal infections |
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Definition
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Term
| Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) |
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Definition
Tonsils, adenoids
Appendix, Peyer's patches |
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Term
| Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) |
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Definition
Less organized aggregates of secondary lymphoid tissue
Respiratory tract |
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Term
| Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) |
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Definition
Less organized aggregates of secondary lymphoid tissue
Other parts of the body (GI tract, genitourinary tract) |
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Term
| Cutaneous Immune System - UN organized immune cells |
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Definition
Epidermis - Keratinocytes, Epidermal Langerhan's cells,
Intraepidermal lymphocyte/ gamma delta TCR
Dermis - T cell, macrophage |
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Term
| Adaptive immunity provides memory and protective immunity |
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Definition
First encounter
-More likely to be symptomatic than later encounters, severe
-Time required to produce adaptive responses
-Leads to production of long -lived memory cells (T and B cells)
-Production of long-lived plasma cells (antibody)
Second encounter
-Far less likely to be symptomatic or even result in tissue damage
-Specific for the pathogen
New pathogen requires building a new bank of cells specific for it |
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Term
| Memory T lymphocyte recirculation |
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Definition
| Memory cells home to submucosal lymphoid tissues, tending to return to site of activation |
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Term
| Innate immunity pathogen recognition |
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Definition
FIXED répertoire
-Cell surface receptors
-Soluble effector molecules
-Natural selection, over 100 million years
Recognize structures shared by many different pathogens
OR, recognize alterations to human cells induced by presence of pathogens. |
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Term
| Adaptive immunity pathogen response |
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Definition
ONE molecular type of receptor per cell
-B-Cell receptor
-T-Cell receptor
BUT, almost infinite number of different versions to recognize single ligand (precise targeting)
AND provide memory |
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Term
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Definition
B-Cell receptor (BCR) when expressed on surface of B-Cell
Antibodies when secreted |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressed ONLY on surface of T Cell |
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Term
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Definition
| many types of molecules - molecules:proteins, other macromolecules, cell structure, virus particles |
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Term
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Definition
| LINEAR peptide digested from protein |
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Term
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Definition
Variable regions
Constant regions |
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Term
Principle concept in generation of antibody and TCR diversity
Generated by gene rearrangement |
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Definition
1. Germline configuration
2. Somatic recombination
3. Rearranged gene |
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Term
Principle concept in generation of antibody and TCR diversity
Chosen by clonal selection |
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Definition
During development, progenitor cells give rise to large numbers of circulating lymphocytes, each having a different form of cell surface receptor
The receptor of only a few circulating lymphocytes interact with any given pathogen
Pathogen reactive lymphocytes are triggered to divide and proliferate
Pathogen activated lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells that eliminate the pathogen |
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Term
| T cells recognize antigen peptides in MHC context |
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Definition
| Dendritic Cells (DC) process protein antigens into peptides (8-25 AA) and display in MHC molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Intracellular pathogens
Endogenous (cytosolic) antigen processing pathway
Recognized by cytotoxic T cell in context of TCR and CD8 receptor
Expressed on almost all nucleated cells in body |
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Term
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Definition
Extracellular Pathogens
Exogenous (lysosomal) antigen processing pathway
REcognized by helper T cell in context of TCR and CD4 co-receptor
Expressed ONLY on professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophage, DC, B cells) |
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Term
| Functions of T cells in adaptive immunity |
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Definition
| T cell activation in essential first step in most adaptive immune responses |
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Term
| Helper T cell - CD4+ functions in adaptive immunity |
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Definition
Secrete cytokines
Interact with B cells, stimulating them to produce antibodies
Interact with macrophages, making them more effective at killing phagocytosed pathogens |
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cell - CD8+ functions in adaptive immunity |
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Definition
Kill infected cells, including other immune cells
Secrete cytokines
Especially effective for cells infected with viruses |
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Term
| B cell functions in adaptive immunity |
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Definition
Present antigen to helper T cells
-Naive B cells take in antigen by receptor mediated endocytosis
Secrete antibodies
-Become plasma cells
-Can occur with or without T cell help
-Highly specific, neutralizing antibodies to proteins requires helper T cells |
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Term
| Immune responses in defense and disease. Desired effects |
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Definition
Antibodies, T helper, and cytotoxic T cells combine to eradicate infecting microorganisms or keep them in check
Provides long-lasting protection (immunity) against the provoking pathogen
Eliminate transformed cells to prevent cancer - surveillance |
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Term
| Immune response in defense and in disease. Unwanted effects |
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Definition
Autoimmune disease lead to chronic inflammation
Transplant rejection may be hyperacute, acute, or chronic
Allergy produce acute and/or chronic symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Part preformed, always ready
-Responds in minutes
Part induced when cells detect invader
-hours to days
Critical initial response to foreign antigens: can control, even eradicate, and infection BEFORE the adaptive immune response occurs
No memory, response always the same, time after time after time ..............
Two major types of reactions
-inflammation - recruitment and activation of leukocytes
-antiviral defense - natural killer cells and cytokines, primarily interferons |
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Term
| Mechanisms of tissue damage y pathogens |
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Definition
Exotoxin release
Endotoxin release
Direct cytopathic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathogens live and replicate in spaces between cells |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogens that live and replicate inside cells
Virtually all pathogens spend some time in extracellular spaces where they can be attacked by the soluble effector molecules of the innate immune system |
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Term
| Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic Defenses (primarily) |
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Definition
Humoral - complement, plasma proteins and peptides, cytokines
Cellular - neutrophils(PMN), macrophages(MP), natural killer cells |
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Term
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Definition
A set of plasma protein made constitutively in the liver and present in the blood, lymph, and extracellular fluids
-Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) found in functionally INACTIVE forms (pro-enzymes or zymogens)
-Infections triggers complement ACTIVATION, a cascade of enzymatic activations in which each enzyme cleaves and activates the next in the pathway
-More than 30 proteins in the system - C3 most important
-Infection activation of complement always leads to C3 cleavage into C3a and C3b |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b
2. Cleavage of C3 exposes thioester bond
3. Nucleophilic attack on thioester bond
4. If attacked by water then C3b is soluble/If attacked by R-OH or R-NH2 C3b binds to pathogen surface.
5. Fixation of complement |
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Term
| Pathways of complement activation |
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Definition
1. Alternate pathway (pathogen surface alone)
2. Lectin pathway (Mannose binding lecitin on pathogen surface)
3. Classical pathway (CRP or antibody on pathogen surface)
Complement activation
Cleavage of C3; C3b fixation
Recruitment of inflammatory cells, Opsonization and phagocytosis, and Perforation of pathogen membrane
Death of pathogen |
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Term
| Alternate pathway - response to bacterial infection |
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Definition
C3 spontaneously hydrolyzes (thioester bond), activating C3
C3b binds factor B; Factor B is activated by Factor D
C3 is split into C3a and C3b
Properdin stabilizes C3bBb binding forming C3 Convertase of alternative pathway. C3 Convertase converts more C3.
More C3 is activated, some binds to microbe, some forms C3bBbC3b, the C5 convertase of the alternative pathway.
No C5 convertase = No pores |
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Term
| Regulation of complement deposition |
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Definition
To prevent uncontrolled numbers of C3 converses from forming on microbial surfaces
- Factors H and I
- Lack of Factor I -> too many C3 converses form, entire store of C3 in body used up
-Too little C3b in pathogen surfaces
-Less phagocytic clearance
-Increased numbers of ear infections, abscesses caused by encapsulated bacteria
-iC3b does not convert C5 convertase |
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Term
| Regulation of complement activation |
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Definition
To prevent activation of complement on membranes of human cells
-Decay accelerating factor (DAF)
-Membrane co-factor protein (MCP) |
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Term
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Definition
Enhances function of phagocytes, especially macrophages - opsonization
C3b bound to bacteria recognized by CR1 (complement) receptor 1) on macrophages
IC3b bound to bacteria recognized by CR3 and CR4 |
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Term
| Formation of the membrane attack complex |
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Definition
| C5b, C6, C7, C8 form a sort of primer, C9 then forms pore |
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Term
| Regulation of MAC formation |
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Definition
Membrane proteins prevent assembly of C9 molecules
-CD59 or protectin
-Homologous restriction factor (HRF)
Impairment in glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid tail formation leads to lack of membrane DAF, CD59, HRF
-complement-mediated lysis if red blood cells
-Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
-most visible in the morning, after sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Forms membrane-spanning channel that disrupts cell integrity and can lead to cell death
-Laboratory evidence dramatic -> development of test for humoral immunity
-Clinical evidence of importance sparse
-EXCEPT for susceptibility to infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
Increase inflammation at site of complement activation - ANAPHYLATOXINS
-Fluid leakage brings more complement factors and other plasma proteins from bloodstream into site of infection
-Migration of monocytes and neutrophils increased
-Microbicidal activity of phagocytes enhanced |
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Term
| Lack of factor D or properdin |
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Definition
| Associated with susceptibility to Neisseris meningitis and other Neisserial infections |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with susceptibility to pyogenic infections |
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Term
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Definition
| (5% of population) associated with recurrent infections |
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Term
| Deficiencies in C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, or C2 |
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Definition
| associated with susceptibility to immune complex diseases |
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Term
| Deficiencies in C5, C6, C7, C8, C9 |
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Definition
| Associated with susceptibility to Neisseris meningitides and other neisserial infections |
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Term
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Definition
Paroxysomal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Unregulated complement activation occurs on RBC
Hemoglobinuria most pronounced in the morning |
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Term
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Definition
Heredity angioneurotic edema
Uncontrolled, pathological activation of C1
Production of vasoactive protein fragments
Leakage of fluid (edema) in larynx and other tissues (gut) |
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Term
| Plasma proteins that limit spread of infection |
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Definition
Coagulation system
-cascade of enzymes that leads to formation of blood clots
-immobilizes microbes in fibrin net
Kinin system
-cascade of enzymes that leads to activation of vasoactive peptide bradykinin
-causes vasodilation
Protease inhibitors
-Alpha2 Macroglobulins and their receptors found on hepatocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages |
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Term
| Protease inhibitor function |
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Definition
Bait and trap
alpha2 macroglobulin enshrouds the protease and is covalently bonded to it |
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Term
| Alpha defensins - antimicrobial peptides |
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Definition
Neutrophils, Paneth cells
-Intestinal epithelium, placenta, cervical mucus plug
-Salivary glands, GI tract, female genital tract, breast milk
-Eyes
Constitutive and two types induced by sexually transmitted diseases |
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Term
| Beta defensiins - antimicrobial peptides |
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Definition
Epithelial cells
-GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract skin, eyes, salivary glands, kidneys, blood plasma
-stomach, testes
Constitutive and induced by infection |
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Term
| Cellular Receptors fot Microbial Products |
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Definition
Have specificity for molecules shared by classes of microbes-molecules not found in the host cells
-Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Are encoded in germline, limited diversity, but gene polymorphisms expand the repertoire
Are non clonal, found on all cells of same lineage
Do not react against host |
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Term
| Macrophages express many different cell surface receptors |
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Definition
Lectins-carbohydrates
-Mannose, glycans
Negatively charged ligands - gram pos.
-Nucleic acids, lipoteichoic acid, sulfated polysaccharides
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - gram neg.
Lipophosphoglycan - fungi
N-formyl peptides |
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Term
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Definition
10 different TLR's expressed on different type of cells
-TLR4, macrophages (LPS)
-TLR3, natural killer cells
Pathogen recognition domain
Cytoplasmic signaling domain
-Cell surface: TLR1:TLR2, TLR2:TLR^, TLR4, TLR5
-Endosome: TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9 |
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Term
| Results of TLR4 recognition of LPS |
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Definition
1. TLR4-MD2-CD14-LPS complex
2. Recruitment of adapter proteins. Activation of kinase cascade.
3. Activation of transcription factors NFkB
4. Gene transcription and synthesis and secretion of cytokines. |
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Term
| TLR4 signaling leads responses |
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Definition
TLR4 in ONLY TLR that uses two pathways
-MyD88-IRAK4 more frequent
-Requires IKK (inhibitor of kB kinase)
TRIF-TRAM pathway most often used by TLR3 (antiviral state in response to dsRNA) |
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Term
| NFkB-induced _______ ________ leads to __________ |
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Definition
| cytokine synthesis; inflamation |
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Term
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Definition
Systemic effects
Fever induces acute-phase protein production by hepatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Local effects
-Activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability, which leads to increased entry of complement and cells to tissues and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes
Systemic effects
-Fever mobilization of metabolites, shock |
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Term
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Definition
Local effects
-Activates vascular endothelium, activates lymphocytes, Local tissue destruction increases access of effector cells
Systemic effects
-Fever, production of IL6 |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils and basophils to site of infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| TLR4 is crucial for defense against Gram - _______ bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| Consequences for lack of TLR4 |
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Definition
Persons heterozygous for defective allele of TLR4 gene over-represented in patients who suffer septic shock
Only person with known homozygosity for defective allele died in adolescence from an E. Coli infection of the kidney |
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Term
| Mutation in NFkB essential modifier gene (NEMO) lack IKK |
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Definition
Blockade transcription of genes activated by NFkB
Suffer severe bacterial infections despite vaccination
Have chronic viral infections and intractable Mycobacterium avium infections |
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Term
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Definition
Dedicated phagocytes
-Summoned by macrophages when wounding or infection occurs in tissue
-Short-lived but abundant
-60% hematopoetic activity devoted to their production (50 billion in circulation daily)
-Cannot enter healthy tissue
-Main functions - phagocytosis and killing of bacteria
--Pyogenic (pus forming) bacteria
--Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes |
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Term
| Neutrophils enter tissues by process of ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Neutrophils entering tissue process |
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Definition
Vascular endothelial P-selectin and/or E-selectin binds slalyl-Lewis slowing PMN to roll along vessel wall
-Leukotriene B4, C5a, histamine
-LPS, TNF-alpha
LFA-1 and CR3 bind ICAM-1 tightly at site of infection
-TNF-alpha, CXCL8
PMN's diapedese between endothelial cells, secreting proteases to break through basement membrane
Migrate to site of infection via chemotaxis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Injury site
2. Macrophage signaling, Vascular endothelial activation
-Tissue injury, Complement activation
3. Tumor necrosis factor, Interleukin-1
-Anaphylatoxins (C3a, C5a), CXCL8
4. Changes in adhesion molecules of endothelial cells of vessel lumen
5. Plasma proteins - transferrin, CRP
6. E-selectin, P-selectin |
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Term
|
Definition
7. Sialyl-Lexis surface carbohydrates
8. Integrins
9. Diapedesis |
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Term
| NADPH + O2 ----_________---> NADPH + 2O2 + H |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 2H + 2O2 -----________----> H2O2 + O2 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| H2O2 ---________---> 2H2O + O2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Acute inflammation response |
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Definition
Bacteria enter central nervous system (meninges)
Fibroblasts and macrophages sense presence of invader
-IL-6, TNF, CXCL8, chemokines
Changes in endothelial cells, expression of adhesion molecules
Influx of neutrophils |
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Term
| Bloodstream evidence of acute inflammation |
|
Definition
Leukocytes
-Left shift, starting to deplete neutrophils
-Younger and younger neutrophils mobilixzed from bone marrow into blood
Can lead to exhaustion of bone marrow supply of neutrophil precursors
-crash in WBC count
-may prove fatal |
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Term
| Chronic granulomatous disease |
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Definition
Specific failure of phagocytes to produce peroxide and superoxide due to non function of NADPH
Inability to eradicate bacteria and fungus Aspergillus
Formation of granulomas |
|
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Term
| Leukocytes adhesion deficiency |
|
Definition
Most commonly because of genetic defect in CD18, the common beta chain of 3 integrins
Failure to express LFA-1 (CD11:CD18), Mac-1 (CD11b:CD18; aka complement receptor 3) and gp150,95 (CD11c:CD18; aka CR4)
Recurrent pyogenic infections, problems with wound healing, early death
Massive leukocytes with neutrophilia
Lymphocyte homing NOT affected; T cell function seems to be normal despite lack of LFA-1 |
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Term
|
Definition
Defect in cytoplasmic vesicle formation and trafficking
-Neutrophil and macrophage defect in phagocytosis and killing
-Defect in endocytosis and antigen processing
-Defect in cytotoxic killing by CD8 T cells and NK cells
Recurrent bacterial infections
Other defects
-Partial absence of pigmentation of skin, hair, eyes (albinism)
-Tendency to bleed (platelet dysfunction)
-If survive into adolescence, develop neurological defects |
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Term
| Cytokines and pyrogens produce ____ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Response to IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha |
|
Definition
Liver - Acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin) -> Activation of complement opsonization
Bone marrow and endothelium - Neutrophil mobilization -> Phagocytosis
Hypothalamus - Increased body temperature -> decrease viral replication and increased neutrophil function
Fat, muscle - Protein and energy mobilization to generate increased body temp -> decrease viral replication and increased neutrophil function |
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Term
| Results of acute phase response |
|
Definition
Fever
Somnolence
Lessening of appetite |
|
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Term
| Acute phase proteins that opsonize and activate complement |
|
Definition
CRP - Pentraxin that binds phosphocholine of LPS and S. pneumonie C-polysaccharise
MBL - Calcium-dependent lectin binds mannose of pathogens but not humans |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Activated MASP-2 cleaves C4 to C4a and C4b. Some C4b binds covalently to microbial surface
2. Activated MASP-2 also cleaves C2 to C2a and C2b
3. C2a binds to surface C4b forming the classical C3 convertase, C4b2a
4. C4b2a binds C3 and cleaves it to C3a and C3b. C3b binds covalently to the microbial surface |
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Term
| CRP triggers the _______ pathway of complement activation |
|
Definition
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Term
| Antiviral defenses (Primarily) |
|
Definition
Humoral - type 1 interferons
Cellular - NK cells, macrophages |
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Term
| Functions of Type I IFN's (IFN- alpha, IFN-beta) |
|
Definition
Virus infected cells
IFN-alpha, IFN-beta
Interferon response
Induce resistance to viral replication in all cells, Increase expression of ligands for receptors on NK cells, Activate NK cells to kill virus infected cells
Antiviral state:
-Activates 2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase->endoribonucleases->degrades vRNA
-Activates protein kinase R->phosphorylates eIF-2->prevents protein synthesis
Systemic effects: Fatigue, Fever, Flu-like symptoms, Myalgia, Anorexia, headache, Somnolence |
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Term
| Special interferon-producing cells |
|
Definition
Lymphocyte-like cells
Secrete 1000X more IFN than other cells
Express TLRs 6, 7, 9, 10 and respond to a variety of viral infections
After 24 hrs, differentiate into plasmacytoid dendritic cells
-produce interferon
-move to T cell areas of draining lymph nodes
-Function in lymph node, not fully known - do not activate T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Constitute 5-25% of lymphocytes in peripheral blood
-Larger than B and T cells
-Contain cytotoxic granules
Recognize infected (viruses and some intracellular pathogens) and/or stressed cells
-Kill the cells via induction of apoptosis |
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Term
|
Definition
Killer activating receptors carry ITAM's
-NKGD2 - receptor for stress-induced proteins
-FcgammaRIII receptors (CD16) for IgG
Killer inhibitory receptors carry ITIM's
-killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) recognizes class I MHC molecules
-CD94/NKG2 recognizes HLA-E (important in pregnancy) |
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Term
|
Definition
Diagnosis of disease
-Assess presence of pathogens
-Assess response to pathogens
-Assess presence of antibodies to tissues
--Autoimmunity, transplant reactions, tumor immunity
Function and status if immune system
-Assess presence (or absence) of specific cell types, cell markers of maturation, and molecules
-Assess ability of immune cells to perform their functions |
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Term
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Definition
Many antigens contain multiple epitopes (polyvalent); some exhibit multiple repeats of the same epitopes (multivalent)
Polyclonal antibodies
-The response to antigens with multiple different epitopes is the development of different antibodies specific to each epitope of the Ag
Monoclonal antibodies
-Engineered antibody response through hybridoma production
-Antibody is specific to ONE epitope of the Ag
Antibodies from one species are antigens to another species |
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Term
| Antigen may be ______ or _______ to cell or tissue |
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Definition
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| Antibodies target_____ antigens |
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Definition
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| Antibodies developed against specific known antigens can be used _ ______ ___ _____ within body fluids, on cells surfaces, or within cells (diagnosis of particular disease) |
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Definition
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| Antigens associated with a particular disease or cell type can be used in assays in vitro __ _______ _______ _______ within a persons serum specific for that antigen (immune response to a particular disease) |
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Definition
| to detect specific antibodies |
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Term
| Detection of soluble antigen by precipitation and agglutination |
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Definition
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Definition
| Used to determine con. of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA; complement proteins; coagulation proteins |
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Definition
| Used to determine con. of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA; complement proteins; coagulation proteins |
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Definition
Anti CD 20
Binds to normal and cancerous b cells
Targeting their destruction by Nk cells |
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Definition
Anti TNF alpha
Binds TNF alpha and prevents inflammation
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis |
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Definition
Anti respiratory syncytail virus (RSV)
Neutralizes RSV and prevents infection in premature infants |
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Term
| Somatic recombination - RSS |
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Definition
Carried out by enzymes that cut and rejoin DNA
Directed by recombination signal sequence RSS |
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Term
| Somatic recombination - RAG |
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Definition
| V(D)J recombinase specified by RAG-1 and RAG-2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Diversification of antibodies after Bcells encounter antigen |
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Definition
Sectreted antibodies are produced by an alternative pattern of heavy chain RNA processing
Rearranged V-region sequences are further diversified by somatic hypermutation
Isotype switching produces immunoglobulins with different C regions but identical antigen specificities
Antibodies with different C regions have different effector functions |
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Term
| Rearranged v-region sequences are further diversified by somatic hypermutation |
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Definition
In Bcell activated by antigen, the activation induced cytidine deaminase becomes functional
Conversts cytidine in ssDNA to uracil and then to any DNA base
only in v region
changes concentrated in CDR's, especially CD3 |
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Term
| First antibody made in primary response |
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Definition
IgM
Pentameric form
greatest avidity
great for activation of complement, but limited in other effector functions to clear antigen |
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Definition
enables a different c region (with a different effector function) to be used with the same effective V region already produced
occurs only during active immune response
REgulated by cytokines produced by antigen activated t cells
occurs in proliferating B cells and is AID dependent |
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Definition
| IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, and IgA |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensitization of mast cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Activation of complement system |
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Definition
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Term
| Mucosal immunity transport across epithelium |
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Definition
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Term
| Transport across placenta |
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Definition
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Term
| Development of B cells in the bone marrow |
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Definition
| Driven by transcription factor PAX5 |
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Definition
| expressed by immature bcells |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Antibody response to certain antigens does not require T-cell help |
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Definition
TI-1 (thymus independent) antigen
signals provided by signaling receptors of innate immunity
TLR, for LPS (TLR$ + CD14) of gram -
for bacterial DNA TLR 9
only igM produced |
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Term
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Definition
carbs and proteins at high conc on surface
extensive cross linnking overrrides need for BCR/co-receptor linking
s. pneumoniae
often B-1 b cells
mainly igM produced |
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