Term
| ____________ is the study of the physiological mechanisms that humans use to defend their bodies from invasion by other organisms. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only real example of total eradication of a disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for inoculation termed after a virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a person was variolated when they were __________ and _______scrapings were used to inoculate the person, they had a better chance of surviving. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the infectious agent that prevented people from becoming infected with smallpox (allowed them to be immune to the smallpox virus)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Jenner used what to inoculate patients to create immunity to smallpox? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When was smallpox officially declared eradicated? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 common types of pathogens? |
|
Definition
| fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bacterial cell walls? |
|
Definition
| gram positive and gram negative |
|
|
Term
| Gram positive bacteria stain _____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| gram negative bacteria stain _____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the gram negative bacterial cell wall have that the gram positive does not? |
|
Definition
| an outer membrane (outside of the peptidoglycan) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 components of the polysaccharide peptidoglycan structure of the membrane in bacteria? |
|
Definition
| acetylglucosamine and acetylmuramic acid |
|
|
Term
| in the peptidoglycan structure of the bacterial cell wall, what are the terms (abbreviated) used to describe the polypeptide pattern? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| gram positive cell walls may have large amounts of _______ acid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than the outer membrane, what do gram negative cell walls have that gram positives generally do not? |
|
Definition
| membrane consisting of a large amount of lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| What is LPS, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| lipopolysaccharide, protects from host defenses (makes negative cell surface charge) |
|
|
Term
| What is another function of the LPS on bacterial cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a serious consequence of gram negative bacterial infection? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| for which situation does a person experience the largest number of microbes invading? |
|
Definition
| when they lack innate immunity |
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|
Term
| Innate immunity is ____________ protection |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| adaptive immunity is ___________ protection against pathogens |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the 2 branches of immunity is rapidly responding, is fixed, has limited specificities, and is constant throughout the duration of the infection |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which of the 2 branches of immunity is slow, variable, numerous, highly selective, and improves during the response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the 1st line of defense? |
|
Definition
| barriers (i.e. skin), chemicals of the skin, chemicals of the mucosal membranes |
|
|
Term
| T or F: Innate immunity improves upon reexposure to a specific pathogen |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of adaptive response? |
|
Definition
| humoral and cell mediated |
|
|
Term
| From what part of the immune system do antibodies originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which line of defense is more vulnerable to pathogenic infection, skin or MM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 arms of defenses? |
|
Definition
| mechanical, chemical, and microbiological |
|
|
Term
| The normal flora of the human skin/GI tract etc. offers antimicrobial properties. How so? |
|
Definition
| these microbes secrete antimicrobial peptides called defensins |
|
|
Term
| Sebum, keratin, lysozyme, beta defensins, and cathelicidins are all what? |
|
Definition
| antimicrobial secretions from the skin |
|
|
Term
| Oils secreted from oil and sweat glands are what? |
|
Definition
| antimicrobial in that they are acidic |
|
|
Term
| What makes the smell of BO? |
|
Definition
| when unsaturated fatty acids are degraded by bacteria (such as staphylococcal strains) and the volatile gases are produced |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of sebum (triglycerides) being degraded on the skin by a bacteria? |
|
Definition
| P. acnes (bacteria) degrade the triglycerides and this irritates the dermis, creating inflammation (acne) |
|
|
Term
| What is a major benefit of having keratin as the building blocks of the hair, skin, and nails? |
|
Definition
| most organisms cannot enzymatically attack it, so this is our best line of defense |
|
|
Term
| lysozyme acts primarily on what? |
|
Definition
| gram positive bacteria (no outside membrane) |
|
|
Term
| lysozyme disrupts what bond in the NAG/NAM pattern of bacterial cell walls? |
|
Definition
| beta 1-4 glycoside linkages |
|
|
Term
| How are beta defensins activated? |
|
Definition
| in the lower ionic strength of sweat and tears or the mucus of the gut |
|
|
Term
| Saline solutions are ___________ b/c they are often _________ to the pathogen's normal levels |
|
Definition
| antimicrobial, hyperosmotic. this causes the microbe to release all of its water and the cell(s) then shrivel and the microbe dies |
|
|
Term
| The few organisms that are capable of invading intact, healthy skin produce what enzyme that allows them to do this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mucus contains ______, __________, and _______ that help repair and protect mucosal surfaces |
|
Definition
| mucins, proteoglycans, and enzymes |
|
|
Term
| MM also contain __________ and ___ _______ |
|
Definition
| lysozyme and beta defensins |
|
|
Term
| what is one benefit of the humidification that takes place when air is inhaled? |
|
Definition
| microbes become enlarged and more easily phagcytized/stuck in mucus |
|
|
Term
| MM acts as a ________ barrier to pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate at which mucociliary escalator moves mucus and pathogens up the respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it that women are 14X more prone to UTI than males? |
|
Definition
| length of urethra in males is 20 cm and females is 5 cm |
|
|
Term
| Urea, uric acid, hippuric acid, fatty acids, and mucin are all antimicrobial aspects of what system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the vagina maintain an acidic environment? |
|
Definition
| lactobacilli convert glycogen to lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| What is the pH of the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do males achieve antibacterial secretions (besides the content of urine) |
|
Definition
| prostate secretes antibacterial factors |
|
|
Term
| Salivary washing, shedding of epithelial lining, and peristalsis are all examples of what? |
|
Definition
| physical barriers in the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| pancreatic enzymes, bile, and other small int. enzymes all do what? |
|
Definition
| act as antimicrobial agents in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| how is the large intestine protected from infection? |
|
Definition
| actions of normal flora residing in the gut |
|
|
Term
| Using up nutrients, occupying attachment sites, and releasing defensins (bacteriocins) are all examples of defenses by what? |
|
Definition
| normal flora in the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the common bacteria that takes over after a course of antibiotics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and leukocytes are derived from what? |
|
Definition
| pluripotent hematopoeitic stem cells |
|
|
Term
| hematopoeisis in an embryo occurs mainly where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as a fetus, hematopoeisis then transitions to what areas of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In older children and adults, where does hematopoeisis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 lineages that hematopoeisis can follow? |
|
Definition
| lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid |
|
|
Term
| The common lymphoid progenitor (originating from the hematopoeitic stem cell) can generate what 3 cell types? |
|
Definition
| B cell (plasma cells), T cells, and NK cells |
|
|
Term
| all of the granulocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells are generated from what progenitor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets and erythrocytes come from what progenitor? |
|
Definition
| common erythroid/megakaryocyte progenitor |
|
|
Term
| Platelets come from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are natural killer cells? |
|
Definition
| large granular lymphocytes (from lymphoid lineage) |
|
|
Term
| What are the small lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the term leukocyte encompasses what all cell types? |
|
Definition
| the lymphocytes (B, T, NK), monocytes and macrophages, granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| the most populous leukocyte is the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes comprise what percentage of leukocyte population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B and T cells are involved in _______ response, while NK cells are involved in _____ response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NK cells are considered _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a plasma cell and a B cell? |
|
Definition
| they are both genereated from B cells, but plasma cells are the fully differentiated form of a B cell that secretes specific antibodies |
|
|
Term
| The mononuclear phagocytes are ________ lived than the granulocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the WBC's (leukocytes) is the largest of the blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the WBC's is incompletely differentiated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mononuclear phagocytic cell that was a monocyte when it was circulating in the blood, but then became a macrophage when it entered a specific tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What is a microglial cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macrophages that line the sinusoids of the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macrophages of the bone (multinucleated) |
|
|
Term
| What are mesangial cells? |
|
Definition
| macrophages of the kidney glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell usually has a varied appearance depending on their location, abundant cytoplasm and rough ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many granulocytes are produced per minute by the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell has a 1-2 day lifespan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the granulocytes are actively ____________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the granulocytes has lilac granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the granulocytes have red/orange granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the granulocytes have bluish granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymorphonuclear leukocyte (multilobed nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the granulocytes is highly phagocytic with huge respiratory burst that will likely result in its death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils are stored where? |
|
Definition
| in the bone marrow, and released when needed |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils travel to infected tissue and engulf bacteria. How are they then removed from the tissue? |
|
Definition
| macrophages enter the tissue and engulf the neutrophils. the macrophages degrade the neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the first step in phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 2nd step in phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ingestion is what step in phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fusion of lysosome with the phagsome (phagolysosome) formation is what step of phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are steps 5 and 6 of phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they recognize antibodies on the surfaces of parasites and release their intracellular granule contents which kill the parasite |
|
|
Term
| What are two important regulatory roles of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| histaminase and arylsulphatase |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 proteins of the granules within eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein |
|
|
Term
| Basophils have receptors for IgE, indicating their role in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine, heparin, serotonin, and hydrolytic enzymes are contents of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary lympoid tissues? |
|
Definition
| thymus and bone marrow, sites of lymphocytes (and other hematopoeitic stem cell) differentiation and maturation |
|
|
Term
| Examples of secondary lymphoid tissue include? |
|
Definition
| tonsils, adenoids, peyers patches |
|
|
Term
| Encapsulated secondary lymphoid tissue includes what 2 organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| to house leukocytes that filter the lymph coming from interstitial fluid/blood before this fluid enters the heart |
|
|
Term
| What is a germinal center? |
|
Definition
| a site in a lymphoid follicle where pathogen-specific B cells that are bound to a pathogen proliferate |
|
|
Term
| Within a lymph node, the ______ is the B cell area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary follicles contain ___________ cells within lymph nodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary follicles contain __________ B cells within the lymph node |
|
Definition
| stimulated (pathogen-bound) |
|
|
Term
| Memory B cells develop where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ is the T cell area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What else, besides T cells, is present in the paracortex that assists with antigen presenting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medulla contains what 4 things? |
|
Definition
| B, T, plasma, and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Summarize the transition and follow up from innate to adaptive response |
|
Definition
| pathogens are engulfed by neutrophils in the tissue. Then macrophages come along and engulf the neutrophils and other bacteria. this travels into the blood, and then into the interstitial space and then into the lymph. Dendritic cells also bind to pathogens, and act as pathogen presenting cells. they too carry the pathogen to the blood and then the lymph. the lymph circulates until it hits a lymph node. this lymph node then becomes a "draining node." Within this draining node, the cortex contains the secondary follicles that become germinal centers, the site for B cell proliferation and memory cell development. the paracortex is the site where the dendritic cells present the T cells with the pathogen, where the T cells can then begin proliferation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spleen? |
|
Definition
| reservoir for RBC's, platelets, and granulocytes, haemocatheresis, immunological role of filtering blood |
|
|
Term
| Red pulp is the venous sinuses filled with RBC's and the cellular cords made up of what? |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes, monocytes, etc. |
|
|
Term
| The white pulp forms what in the spleen? |
|
Definition
| the periarteriolar sheaths |
|
|
Term
| In the spleen, B and T cells localize in the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M, G, D, B, and S, followed by ALT all stand for what? |
|
Definition
| mucosal, gut, duct, bronchial, and skin followed by associated lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| The GALT produces little response to much of the potentially pathogenic material that it encounters. Why? |
|
Definition
| much of it is normal flora, so it is desirable to keep these foreign bodies. |
|
|
Term
| Waldeyer's Ring refers to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For GALT, there are 2 main sources, what are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As we age, what becomes a major lymphopoeitic organ? |
|
Definition
| GALT -> important site for B and T cell production after thymic decline |
|
|
Term
| the GALT contains a large # of _______ producing plasma cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mucosal cells of the GALT bind pathogens how? |
|
Definition
| via glycosylated surface proteins (i.e. salmonella, cholerae, e. coli) |
|
|
Term
| Peyer's patches are the _________ lymphoid follicles of the GALT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lactating breast or salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| IgA producing plasma cells localize in the ______ and release Ab which enters milk and saliva |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation is characterized by what? |
|
Definition
| redness (rubor), heat (calor), pain (dolor), and swelling (tumor), and sometimes loss of function |
|
|
Term
| functions of inflammation include |
|
Definition
| destroy injurious agents, limit injurious agent's effects (by walling it off from the rest of the tissue), and repairing damage |
|
|
Term
| the immediate vascular reaction in the inflammatory process cued by the sympathetic nervous system is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the phases of inflammation, following localized vasoconstriction is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the inflammatory response, what does vasodilation serve to do? |
|
Definition
| allow for greater vasopermeability to allow the immune response (innate and adaptive) to reach the site of damage |
|
|
Term
| the acute vascular response include dilation in what three steps? |
|
Definition
| vasodilation of capillaries, then the arterioles, and then edema (vascular permeability) |
|
|
Term
| If the infection/injurious agent persists, then what happens during the inflammatory repsonse? |
|
Definition
| macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrate the area |
|
|
Term
| How do neutrophils get sequestered into damaged tissue? |
|
Definition
| selectins along the endothelial wall loosely bind the neutrophils until they are needed. then they migrate between the endothelial cells when the vessel dilates |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the process of a leukocyte passing from the blood into the tissue using proteases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once in the tissue, the leukocyte uses what tactic to find the pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils have what 2 types of granules? |
|
Definition
| primary (acid hydrolases) and secondary (lactoferrin and lysozyme) |
|
|
Term
| Cationic proteins (defensins), acid hydrolases, lysozyme, lactoferrin, dexoy and ribonucleases, and proteases are all examples of what for neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| oxygen-independent mechanisms of pathogen killing |
|
|
Term
| Cationic proteins, aka defensins, utilize what method of killing pathogens? |
|
Definition
| form ion permeable channels in lipid bilayers, altering osmotic environments |
|
|
Term
| after the phagosome-lysosome fusion in a neutrophil, what is another method of killing pathogens? |
|
Definition
| drastically increasing and then decreasing pH to intolerable levels, killing the pathogen or enhancing other enzyme's killing activity |
|
|
Term
| ROI's and RNI's stand for what, and do what? |
|
Definition
| reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates. they are oxygen dependent forms of pathogen killing. |
|
|
Term
| AFter phagocytosis of a pathogen, a respiratory burst occurs. what does this reaction produce? |
|
Definition
| reactive oxygen species that creates free radicals that can kill the pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Being that they are both phagocytic, what is a main difference between macrophages and neutrophils (other than the presence of granules)? |
|
Definition
| macrophages are long lived and usually survive the phagocytic process |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of macrophages? |
|
Definition
| resting, activated, and hyperactivated |
|
|
Term
| What are special characteristics associated with a hyperactivated macrophage vs. just an activated one? |
|
Definition
| they can be directly activated by the invader, they can stop proliferating and just focus on killing, they are larger in size, they secrete activating cytokines, and have a greater rate of phagocytosis (increased ROI and lysozomes) |
|
|
Term
| Activated macrophages form _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do macrophages survive but neutrophils dont? |
|
Definition
| neutrophils have a greater respiratory burst producing more ROS which damage them |
|
|
Term
| Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production, and regulation of IR are all functions of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The phagocytic receptors present on the surface of phagocytic cells often detect chemicals that are ________ preserved among a particular group of pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phagocytic receptors that recognize carbohydrates are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scavenger receptors recognize what on pathogens? |
|
Definition
| negatively charged components on pathogens |
|
|
Term
| phagocytic cells that utilize receptors to better facilitate their function do so by what process? |
|
Definition
| receptor mediated endocytosis, producing a phagosome once inside |
|
|
Term
| the two results of the phagocytic process are? |
|
Definition
| destruction of pathogen and production of cytokine |
|
|
Term
| T or F: toll-like receptros facilitate phagocytosis |
|
Definition
| false, they facilitate the production of cytokines |
|
|
Term
| what is the true significance of toll like receptors? |
|
Definition
| they facilitate a stronger innate response as well as prepare the site for adaptive response |
|
|
Term
| toll like receptors are important because they have what? |
|
Definition
| extracellular and cytoplasmic domains that recognize the pathogen and signal the inside of the macrophage respectively |
|
|
