Term
|
Definition
| any molecule that can bind specifically to an Ab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a unique Ag binding pocket that enables it to bind specifically to its corresponding antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of pre-existing Ab to a non-immunized individual |
|
|
Term
| adaptive immune response or acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| the response of Ag-specific lymphocytes, including development of immunological memory. They are generated by clonal selection of lymphocytes and as such are distinct from innate (non-adaptive) phases of immunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any substance that enhanced the immune response to an Ag with which it is mixed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the strength of binding of one molecule to another. High affinity Ab responses are an objective of immunization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ags that elicit hypersensitivity or allergic reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response to innocuous environmental Ags or allergens due to pre-existing Ab or T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constriction of the bronchial tree due to an allergic reaction to inhaled Ag. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an allergic reaction in the nasal mucosa, also known as hay fever, that causes runny nose, sneezing and tears. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a graft of tissue from an allogeneic or non-self donor of the same species; such grafts
are always rejected unless the recipient is immunosuppressed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
systemic anaphylaxis is an allergic reaction to systemically administered Ag
that causes circulatory collapse and suffocation due to tracheal swelling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the deliberate induction of adaptive immunity to a pathogen by injecting a vaccine, a
dead or attenuated (non-pathogenic) form of the pathogen. |
|
|
Term
| T cells, or T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
a subset of lymphocytes defined by their development in the thymus
and by expression of the CD3 complex. |
|
|
Term
| type I hypersensitivity reactions |
|
Definition
| involve IgE triggering of mast cells; |
|
|
Term
| type II hypersensitivity reactions |
|
Definition
| reactions involve IgG against cell surface of matrix Ags |
|
|
Term
| type III hypersensitivity reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type IV delayed hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| reactions (DTH) are T-cell mediated |
|
|
Term
| T cells, or T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| a subset of lymphocytes defined by their development in the thymus and by expression of the CD3 complex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an organ containing a red pulp, involved in removing old blood cells, and a white pulp of
lymphoid cells that respond to Ags delivered by the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when Ab against the infecting agent are first detectable in blood/serum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tolerance of an Ag that is borne by self tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the failure to respond to an Ag |
|
|
Term
| negative selection (or clonal deletion) |
|
Definition
| The cell is killed as a result of binding Ag |
|
|
Term
| positive selection (or clonal selection) |
|
Definition
| If the cell proliferates after binding an Ag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selected is what a cell is said to be by Ag when its receptors encounter and bind that particular Ag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the Ab response induced by a second or subsequent exposure to Ag
Sooner response, higher levels of response, higher affinity than primary response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a common inflammatory joint disease probably due to an autoimmune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accompanies Rheumatoid arthritis
an IgM anti- (self) IgG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(or priming) generates both (i) a primary immune response (initially IgM
predominating, later IgG in serum or IgA in secretions) and (ii) immunological memory (hence the
ability to mount secondary responses). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adaptive immune response at first exposure to Ag. |
|
|
Term
| Polymorphocuclear leukocytes (PMN) |
|
Definition
| are white blood cells with multi-lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PMN with granules that stain with neutral dyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PMN with granules that stain with eosin
white blood cells important in defense against parasitic infections; they are activated
by the lymphocytes of the adaptive immune responses (also in asthma, allergy). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PMN with granules that stain with basic dyes
thought to have a function similar to mast cells (ie. in allergy). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminally differentiated B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fluid component of blood containing water, electrolytes and the plasma proteins but NO CELLS |
|
|
Term
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
|
Definition
is a cluster of genes on human chromosome encoding
a set of membrane glycoproteins called MHC molecules. MHC class I molecules present peptides
generated in the cytosol to CD8 T cells, and the MHC class II molecules present peptides degraded in
intracellular vesicles to CD4 T cells. The MHC also encodes proteins involved in Ag processing and
other aspects of host defense. The MHC is the most polymorphic gene cluster in the human genome,
having large numbers of alleles at several different loci.
During intrathymic development, thymocytes (T lymphocyte progenitors) that recognize self are
deleted from the repertoire, a process known as negative selection. Autoreactive B cells undergo a
similar process in bone marrow to help prevent possible autoimmunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important in controlling infection but can also cause damage to neighbouring tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large mononuclear phagocytic cells important in innate immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organized tissues characterized by very large numbers of lymphocytes
interacting with a non-lymphoid matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one type of secondary lymphoid organ in which adaptive immune responses are initiated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are thin-walled vessels that carry lymph - the extracellular fluid that accumulates in
tissues - back through the lymph nodes to the thoracic duct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system of lymphoid channels that drains extracellular fluid from the periphery via the thoracic duct to the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White Blood Cell
Lymphocytes and polymorphs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the ability to resist infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CD4 T cells that can help B cells make Ab in response to antigenic challenge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary lymphoid tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a novel technique for inducing adaptive immunity. Plasmid DNA encoding a
protein of interest is injected into muscle, transiently expressed, and elicits Ab and T-cell responses to
the protein encoded by that DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the correcton of a genetic defect via introduction of a heritable normal gene in vivo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bind the Fc (or constant) portion of antibody:the part that makes IgG distinct from IgA
or IgE. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of cells or fluid from within blood vessels to the surrounding tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those by which pathogens are destroyed and cleared from the body. Innate and adaptive immune responses use most of the same effector mechanisms to eliminate pathogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphocytes that mediate pathogen removal without a need for further
differentiation. They are distinct from naive lymphocytes, which must proliferate and differentiate
before they can mediate effector functions, and memory cells, which must differentiate and often
proliferate before they become effector cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the binding of Ab to an Ag that was not used to elicit that Ab |
|
|
Term
| contact hypersensitivity reaction |
|
Definition
essentially the same as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in
which T cells respond to Ags introduced by contact with skin. |
|
|
Term
| Complement receptors (CR) |
|
Definition
are cell-surface proteins on various cells that recognize and bind
complement proteins that have bound an Ag. Complement receptors on phagocytes allow them to
identify pathogens coated with complement proteins for uptake and destruction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a set of constitutively present plasma proteins that act together to attack
extracellular pathogens. Complement can be activated spontaneously on certain pathogens
(alternative pathway) or by Ab attached to the pathogen (classical pathway). The pathogen then
becomes coated with complement proteins that aid pathogen removal by phagocytes or can kill the
pathogen directory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with cytotoxic T Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maker expressed on helper T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the Ag specific T cell receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are the name for commonly used cell surface Ags |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the selection and proliferation of Ag-specific lymphocytes in response to
antigenic stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a family of small cytokines involved in migration and activation of cells. They have
a central role in inflammatory responses and, increasingly, in normal immune regulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are proteins made by cells that affect the behaviour of other cells. Cytokines made by
lymphocytes are often called lymphokines or interleukins (abbreviated IL), but the generic term
cytokine is used most of the time. Cytokines act on specific cytokine receptors expressed by the cells that they affect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sites of lymphocyte development. In humans, B lymphocytes develop
in bone marrow, whereas T lymphocytes develop in the thymus from bone-marrow derived stem cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
describes any adaptive immune response in which Ag-specific T cells have
the main role. In practice it is defined as all adaptive immunity that cannot be transferred with serum
Ab. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| given after a primary immunization, to increase the state of immunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the main site of hematopoiesis, the generation of the cellular elements of blood,
including red blood cells, monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and platelets. The bone marrow
is also the site of B-cell development in mammals and the source of stem cells that give rise to T cells
upon migration to the thymus. Thus, bone marrow transplantation can restore all the cellular elements
of the blood, including the cells required for adaptive immunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are surface molecules on red blood cells that are detectable with Ab from other
individuals. The major blood group Ags are ABO and Rh (Rhesus), and are used in routine blood
banking to type blood. There are many other blood group Ags that can be detected in cross-matching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is one of the two major types of lymphocyte (T cells being the other). The
Ag receptor on B lymphocytes is a cell-surface immunoglobulin. On activation by Ag, B cells
differentiate into plasma cells producing high levels of Ab molecules of the same Ag-specificity as this
receptor or into memory B cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes immune responses directed at self Ags. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the display of Ag as peptide fragments bound to MHC molecules on the surface of an Ag-presenting cell; all T cells recognize Ag only when it is presented in this way. All Ags must be processed into small peptides before they can be presented by MHC molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the enzymatic digestion of protein into peptides that bind within pockets of MHC
molecules for presentation to T cells. |
|
|
Term
| Ag-presenting cells (APC) |
|
Definition
are cells that normally initiate the responses of naive T cells to Ag by
carrying out Ag processing then Ag presentation. To date, only dendritic cells, macrophages, and B
cells have been shown to have this capacity. A professional Ag-presenting cell must be able to display
peptide fragments of Ag on appropriate MHC molecules and also carry co-stimulatory molecules on its
surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are non-covalently bound groups of Ag and Ab molecules which can vary in size
from small, soluble complexes to large, insoluble complexes that precipitate out of solution; they are also known as immune complexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes the total variety of antibodies that an individual can make. |
|
|
Term
| Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxity (ADCC) |
|
Definition
is the killing of Ab-coated target cells by cells with
Fc receptors that recognize the Fc region of the bound Ab. Most ADCC is mediated by NK cells. |
|
|
