Term
| Different genetic strains that differ in the structure of capsular polysaccharides are called? |
|
Definition
| serotypes (90 strains of S. pneumoniae) |
|
|
Term
| Pattern of infection that spreads rapidly through the population then quickly subsides? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Evolution of new mutatons that causes relatively mild and limited disease epidemics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A worldwide epidemic is called? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Evolution that involves recombination of a virus that leads to inter species infection |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Protozoans (trypanosome) can change their surface pathogens by gene rearrangements due to what? |
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Definition
| Variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs). |
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Term
Virus can develope a dormant state in which it hides from within human cells called?
-doesnt cause disease
-Herpes simplex virus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does herpes hide and why? |
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Definition
| Neurons, becuase they express very small number of MHC I molecules. |
|
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Term
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) binds to CD2 on B-cell co-receptor complex. Infected B cells proliferate and produce virus. |
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Definition
| Although killed by CD8 cytotoxic T-cells, some infected B-cells become latent. Reactivation is possible but unsual. |
|
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Term
| T or F? M. turberculosis pervents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Can bridge alpha:beta T-cell receptors and MHC class II molecules without a specific peptide?
-produce a massive release of cytokines
-IL-1, IL-2, and INF-alpha causes systemic shock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another word for disease symptoms? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? Most pathology is caused by the immune response |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Inherited defects in genes for componets of the immune system causes? |
|
Definition
| immunodeficeiency diseases |
|
|
Term
| One of the dominate immune defects known is a defect in the receptor for what? |
|
Definition
Interferon-gamma (INF-gamma)
-Receptro Binds to INF Gamma
-cannot produce an intracellular signal |
|
|
Term
| Disease characterized by antibody deficiency and x-linked inheritance? |
|
Definition
| X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) |
|
|
Term
| X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) has its defect in a tyrosine kinase called? |
|
Definition
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk)
-contributes to intracellular signaling from the B-cell receptor and is necessary for the growth and differentiation of pre-B cells |
|
|
Term
| T or F? Which isotype is most common with inherited deficiency |
|
Definition
IgA
low IgA leads to chronic lung infection |
|
|
Term
| XLA patients's B-cells... |
|
Definition
| do not develope beyond the pre-B cell stage. (defective Btk) |
|
|
Term
| Gamma globulin injections, provide antibodies against the range of common pahtogens. This transfer is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| B-cell activation is dependent on? |
|
Definition
| Interaction of CD40 ligand on activated T-cells with B-cell CD40 |
|
|
Term
Disease caused by the absence of CD40 ligand on T-cells.
-no specific antibodies made
-High levels of IgM
-deficient in neutrophils (neutropenia)
-no germinal centers |
|
Definition
| X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome |
|
|
Term
| T or False? GM-CSF cytokine is produced by macrophages in response to activation by T-cells through CD40 and CD40 ligand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Made by macrophages,
-stimulates production and release of phagocytes by the bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
| Defect in complement component C3 causes? |
|
Definition
| susceptibility to capsulated bacteria |
|
|
Term
| defect in complement component C5-C9? |
|
Definition
| Only effect is susceptibility to Neisseria. |
|
|
Term
| What causes hereditary angioneurotic edema (HAE)? |
|
Definition
| absence of the C1 inhibitor (C1INH) leads to uncontroled activation of classical pathway. |
|
|
Term
Disease caused by mutation of gene encoding CD18, a subunit of integrins that causes non-functional inegrins in phagocytes.
-unable to migrate where needed |
|
Definition
| Leukocyte adhesion deficiency |
|
|
Term
Disease where phagocyets are unable to produce the superoxide radical.
-cant kill ingested bacteria |
|
Definition
| Chronic Granulomatous disease |
|
|
Term
| Disease where phagocytosed material are not delivered to lysosome because of defect in vesical fusion machanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disease where patients niether make T-cell dependent antibodies nor cell-mediated immune responses. |
|
Definition
| severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) |
|
|
Term
| x-linked disase, defective protein (WASP) involved in cytoskeleton rearrangment needed before T cells can deliver cytokins to B-cells. |
|
Definition
| Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) |
|
|
Term
| Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and (purine nucleotide phophorylase (PNP) are involved in purine degredation and are inherited how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kinda of SCID that's caused by the lack of expression of HLA class II moleclues.
-CD4 T-cells fail to develope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AIDS is characterized by what? |
|
Definition
Massive reduction in the number of CD4 T-cells.
Caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2 |
|
|
Term
HIV-1 comes from chimpanzee
HIV-2 comes from sotty mangabey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-RNA virus
-retrovirus: use RNA genome to direct the systhsis of DNA intermediate |
|
|
Term
1.) Viral integrase integrates the cDNA into the host cell genome to form?
2.) This process is facillitated by repetitive DNA sequences called? |
|
Definition
1.) provirus
2.) long terminal repeats (LTRs) |
|
|
Term
| Name given to retrovirus group that cause slowly progressing diseases? |
|
Definition
Lentiviruses
lentus-(slow) |
|
|
Term
| T or F? HIV-1 has a RNA genome of nine genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4 T-cells contain _______, which serves as a receptor to the virus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycoprotien on HIV that binds tightly to CD4.
-must also bind to a co-receptor before entry. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycoprotein on HIV that mediates fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane.
-allows entry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HIV variants that spread infection from person to person bind to which co-receptor present on macrophages, dendritic, CD4 T-cells.
-"macrophage-tropic" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HIV variants that infect ACTIVATED CD4 T-cells bind to what co-receptor?
-"lymphocyte-tropic" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphocyte-tropic viruses cause disease
Macrophage-tropic viruses make it a pandemic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? Activation of CD4 T-cell induces the synthesis of the transcription factor NFkB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of NFkB in infected Cd4 T-cells? |
|
Definition
-Binds to promoters in provirus.
-directs cells RNA polymerase to transcribe viral RNA. |
|
|
Term
| Viral protein that binds to LTR of viral mRNA (TAR). Prevents transcription from shutting off. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viral protein that controls the supply of viral RNa to the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of an infected person that first exhibits detectable levels of anti-HIV antibodies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? When CD4 T-cell count falls below 200, the patient is said to have AIDS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People resistant to HIV infection have a lack of what? |
|
Definition
| CCR5, co-receptor fro macrophage-tropic HIV variants |
|
|
Term
| T or F? Viruses have a high rate of mutation during the course of an infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? Reverse transcriptase is prone to making errors. These nucleotide substitution give rise to new variants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutation throughout the infection produces many viral variants called? |
|
Definition
quasi-species.
-they co-exsist |
|
|
Term
| Reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process use in which several antiviral drugs are used together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Process that prevents new infection from becoming a provirus and becoming productive.
-Activated CD4 t cells and free virons have short life spans
-virus eventually become undectectable |
|
Definition
| highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) |
|
|
Term
| Site where CD4 T cells are activated and produce virus. |
|
Definition
| Secondary lymphoid tissues |
|
|
Term
| What kind of infections kill patients with AIDS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which organism has toxic shock syndrome toxic-1 and enterotoxin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrosis of livee due to excess TH2 cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RAG-1 and RAG-2, DNA-PK can cause DNA rearrangements which can form inherited SCID |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lack of EBV-specific T cells causes what disease |
|
Definition
| X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome |
|
|
Term
| HLA matching reduces graft-verses host disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes graft-verses host disease (GVHD)? |
|
Definition
| alloreactive T cells in the transplant that attack nonhematopoietic cells of the recipient. |
|
|
Term
| 25% of HIV+ mothers have HIV+ babies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cause of Kaposi sarcoma,
in immunocompromised patients |
|
Definition
HHV8
latent herpes that reactivates |
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