Term
| An example of a group of birds that possesses an intromittant organ |
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Definition
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| The factor that serves as the main proximate cue for the onset of breeding in temperate birds |
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Definition
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| An egg membrane associated with respiration and storage of waste products |
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Definition
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Term
| Eggs of owls and other cavity nesting birds tend to be |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of birds that uses piles of decomposing leaves to heat their eggs |
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Definition
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Term
| The young of terns, gulls, auks, penguins, and nightjars are considered |
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Definition
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Term
| Two groups of birds where the young grow and overshoot asymptotic body size (K), and then shed water and body fat before fledging |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of parental care that is shared equally shared among the young and the total cost does not increase with brood size is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of birds where facultative nest parasitism is common |
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Definition
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Term
| If the percentage of nests destroyed by predators increases with the size of a bird population, this is an expample of |
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Definition
| Positive density-dependent |
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Term
| A situation where two populations of birds share the same geographic boundary and are adjacent |
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Definition
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Term
| In community ecology, a measure of species richness at the regional scale is termed _______ diversity |
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Definition
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Term
| A mode of speciation that is important in birds |
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Definition
| Geographic isolation and allopatry |
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Term
| Changes in the avifauna of oceania are best understood by examining |
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Definition
| The fossil and archaeological record |
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Term
| An extinction-resistant lineage of birds are the |
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Definition
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Term
| An intrinsic factor that limits the population size of birds |
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Definition
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Term
| Two modes of paternity assurance in birds include: mate guarding and _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds that maintain their gonad in active condition throughout the year and are ready to breed whenever conditions are suitable are termed _________ breeders. |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds that initiate incubation during egg-laying and before the clutch is complete have young that hatch _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The nest sanitation behaviors of birds includes removal of egg shells and ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability of avian young to generate heat and maintain a constant body temperature is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The three major components of avian demography are productivity, adult survival and ________. |
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Definition
| Age of first breeding (maturity) |
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Term
| In ground and shrub-nesting birds, the greatest losses in potential reproductive output are usually due to _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ Species concept defines species on the basis of common ancestry and patterns of descent. |
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Definition
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Term
| Island biogeography theory predicts high rates of _______ extinction among bird populations on oceanic islands that are small in area. |
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Definition
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| In Oceania, the greatest losses of diversity are thought to be due to extinctions in one lineage of birds, the flightless ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Dickcissel is a grassland bird that is showing widespread population declines of this species is _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Songbirds can be sexed as males during the bredding season by the presence of a swelling in the abdominal region called a _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds that respond to partial egg removals during egg-alying by laying additional replacement eggs are termed ________ egg layers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds that lay an egg per day sometimes have a 48 hour interval between consecutive eggs. This phenomena is termed a _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Density-dependent processes that cause populations of birds to fluctuate around the environmental carrying capacity are an example of population _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ community is comprised of a random assortment of species that do not have strong interspecific interactions. |
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Definition
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Term
Essay-
Many birds obtain multiple copulations with individuals other than their social partner. Describe the two mechanisms by which birds obtain multiple copulations and the ecological correlates of these behaviors. |
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Definition
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Term
Essay-
Pronounced sexual size dimporphism is a feature of many species of birds. DIscuss the patterns of sexual size dimorphism that are found in birds and the hypotheses that have been proposed to explain interspecific variation in these patterns. |
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Definition
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Term
Essay-
The seasonal timing of reproduction differs considerably between north temperate and tropical birds. Discuss patterns of seasonal timing and proximate cues that induce the onset of breeding at these two different latitudes. |
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Definition
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Essay-
Describe the tissue location and events that affect an ovum as it passes through the femalereproductive tract of a bird. Start at the point when the ovum is shed by the ovary to when the embryo is deposited in the nest as a completed egg. |
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Definition
Ovary: when ovum is swollen with
yolk, it is released from ovary
into the oviduct
Infundibulum (1/2 hr): location of
fertilization before embryo
passes through oviduct
Not all ova are shed, some may
be reabsorbed if environmental
conditions are poor
Magnum (3 hrs): ovum receives
coating of albumen = water content
of the egg
Isthmus (1 hr): shell membranes
deposited on the egg
Uterus (20 hr): ovum receives outer
egg shell and pigmentation
Pigment secreting areas mark egg
shell with spots and squiggles
Patterns depend on rate of rotation
Pigments are porphyrins from break
down of blood cells
Utero-vaginal junction: location of
sperm storage tubules
Vagina (1-8 hrs): temporary storage
of egg, muscles to expel egg at
deposition into the nest. Freshly
laid eggs often look wet or gray
Accidents can happen:
Two embryos shed simultaneously
lead to double-yolked eggs
Blood clot or stray tissue lead to
yolkless ‘runt’ eggs |
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Term
Essay-
The nests of birds vary tremendously in their nest placement and architecture. Using examples where possible, discuss the three major selective pressures that have lead to diversity in the nests of birds. |
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Definition
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Term
Essay-
Birds show greater diversity in patterns of parental care than any other group of vertabrates. Using examples where possible, discuss the major patterns of parental care that are found in birds and rank the relative frequency of these behaviors a |
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Definition
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Term
Essay-
European cuckoo and Brown-headed Cowbirds make their living by parasitizing the nests of other birds. Compare and contrast the adaptions that these two species have developed for interspecific nest parasitism. |
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Definition
Both use obligate nest parasitism which means that they are interspecific. Using only other species of birds to parasite their nests. Both species use egg mimicry so the host bird doesn't get rid of their egg. Also the eggs are thicker than other eggs so the host bird can't puncture the the shell. Successful parasitism by cuckoos = complete reproductive failure for the host
Successful parasitism by cowbirds = partial (large hosts) to complete failure (small hosts)
Incidence greater in cowbirds than cuckoos |
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Term
Essay-
In the western hemisphere, the species richness of birds is greatest in equatorial areas of the amazonian basin but declines with increasing latitude into temperate regions of North America. Discuss the major factos that are thought to be driving |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ of birds is a group of related or unrelated species where interspecific interactions are strong because all species use similar ecological resource. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in raptorial birds covaries with their diet and is evidence supporting the _______ hypothesis for the evolution of SSD. |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds that respond to partial egg removals during egg-laying by laying additional replacement eggs are termed ______ egg-layers. |
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Definition
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