Term
| What are the 4 types of immunotherapy for Cancer treatment? |
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Definition
1) Active specific (vaccines and adoptive transfer of cells)
Autologous, Allogenic, DC vaccine, DNA vaccine, TIL and LAK therapy
2) Monoclonal antibody therapy (passive)
3) Nonspecific immunotherapy and adjuvant
4) Immune Gene therapy |
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Term
| How do tumor cell vaccines work? |
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Definition
Autologous or Allogenic
Take tumor cells, kill them, inject them back in (sometimes with nonspecific adjuvant changes or fused to DCs)
Whole cells have all the antigens, rather then just a subset. |
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Term
| What are the drawbacks of autologous cancer vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Expensive to make 1 for every patient
2) Mutations
3) Not enough usable cells |
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Term
| How does one make a Allogeneic cancer vaccine? |
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Definition
| Grow up cancer cells derived form a particular cancer TYPE taken from another cancer patient |
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Term
| How does one make a DC cancer vaccine and why is it a problem? |
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Definition
Better approach than tumor vaccines, but still patient-specific (like autologous), expensive
1) Take DC precursors from blood and culture with cytokines to make them into functional DCs
2) "Train" them to recognize cancer antigens (maybe even fuse them to cancer cells)
3) Re-inject |
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Term
| What are DNA vaccines and how do they work? |
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Definition
DNA injected into patients that helps them synthesize tumor antigen (can also be done outside of body by taking the cells, transfecting them and putting them back).
Can lose effectiveness over time, because Antibodies recognize them as foreign and rapidly attach to them, ultimately destroying them. |
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Term
1) What are Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) and how are they used to treat cancer?
2) What about Lymphokine-activated Killer (LAK) therapy? |
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Definition
These cells move with tumor masses and can be removed and forced to reproduce in vitro with IL-2
Re-inject them (with chemotherapy to reduce other white cells)
2) Treat patients' cells with cytokines like IL-15 and IL-2 and then return them |
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Term
| When is monoclonal antibody therapy most effective for treating cancer patients (MOST COMMON)? |
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Definition
| This is "passive" therapy and is best in patients with weak immune systems who cannot make their own lymphocytes. |
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Term
What types of tumors are treated by each of the following monoclonal antibodies?
1) anti-CD5
2) anti-CD20
3) anti-CEA/ anti-mucin-1
4) anti-CA-125
5) anti-EGFR
6) anti-MMP |
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Definition
1) reduce differentiation in T and B cell lymphoma
2) reduce B cell signaling in Non-hodgkin's B cell lymphoma
3) Binds to cell surface glycoproteins in epithelial tumors
4) Binds to surface carbohydrates in epithelial tumors and ovarian carcinoma
5) Inactivates EGFR to treat lung, breast, ovarian cancer.
6) Binds to stromal EC antigens to treat epithelial tumors. |
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Term
| What 2 types of monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer treatments. |
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Definition
1) Naked (without drug or radioactive material) antibodies bind antigens on cancer cells and either mark them for destruction or block growth factor binding.
Approved naked Ab include Rituximab, Trastuzumab, Alemtuzamab, Cetuximab and Bevacizumab
2) Conjugated Abs deliver drugs/toxins to cancer cell targets (chemolabeled, radioimmunotherapy, immunotoxins) |
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Term
| How does Rituximab work to treat cancer? |
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Definition
| Treats B cell non-hodgkin's lymphoma by binding to CD20 on B-cells. |
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Term
| How does Trastuzumab work to treat cancer? |
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Definition
| Naked monoclonal antibody that binds HER2 to treat breast cancer. |
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Term
| How does Alemtuzumab work to treat cancer? |
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Definition
| Naked monoclonal antibody that binds CD52 antigen on B and T cells to treat B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients exposed to chemotherapy |
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Term
| How does Cetuximab work to treat cancer? |
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Definition
| Naked monoclonal antibody that binds EGRF in colorectal cancer |
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Term
| How does Bevacizumab work to treat cancer? |
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Definition
| Naked monoclonal antibody against VEGF used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer. |
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Term
| What types of Nonspecific Immunotherapy and Adjuvants are available? |
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Definition
1) Cytokines (G-CSF, GM-CSF, EPO, IL-11 (platelets))
2) Interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-12)
3) IFN (IFN-alpha) |
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Term
| How does Immune Gene Therapy work to treat cancer? |
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Definition
Inserting specific genes into cells to restore a missing function or to give a new function.
Take em' out, change em', give em back |
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Term
| What factor determines the promotion and propagation of a tumor? |
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Definition
The tumor microenviornment!
Cancer cells
Other cells
Secreted molecules
Structural molecules (ECM) |
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Term
| How do conjugated mABs treat cancer? |
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Definition
mABs joined to drugs, toxins or radioactive atoms (antibody is vehicle)
Attract complement, NK cells, block VEGFR |
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Term
| What cytokine therapies are used to treat Melanoma and Kidney Cancer? |
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Definition
Melanoma- IL-2, TNF-a
Kidney- IL-2 |
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