Term
| where do all immune cells originate |
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Definition
bone marrow (flat bones) they mature in the thymus and the bone marrow .
B-cells bone marrow
t-cells thymus |
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Term
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Definition
foreign substance or component of cell that stimulates immune response
activate the immune system to produce matching antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| specific protein produced in humoral response to bind with antigen |
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Term
| components of immune system |
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Definition
lymphatics
spleen
tonsils
intestinal lymph tissue
lymphatic circulation system |
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Term
| mechanisms involved in specific identification and removal of foreign material |
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Definition
| immune cells, lymphocytes and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
important in fetal development
place for maturation of T-cells
programs the immune system to ignore self antigens |
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Term
| MHC- major histocompatibility complex |
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Definition
located on chromosome 6
genes that code antigens-unique combination of genes that make individuals who they are. V
these antigens are used to provide the close match for a tissue transplant.
immune system activated by the presence of cells with different MHC molecules within the body.
membrane proteins on the surface of ALL cells that tell if SELF or NON-SELF. |
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Term
| phagocyte action in immunity |
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Definition
intercept and engulf foreign material and then process and display the antigens from the foreign material on their cell membranes; the lymphocytes respond to this display, thus initiating the immune response.
also secrete monokines and interleukins that help activate additional lymphocytes in the inflammatory response (secondary immune system) |
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Term
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Definition
mature lymphocytes
cells that have the special function of recognizing and reacting with antigens in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
wbc
cell mediated immunity
arise from stem cells
mature in the thymus
effective against virus-infected cells, fungal and protozoal infections, cancer cells and foreign cells (transplants) |
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Term
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Definition
| develops when T lymphocytes with protein receptors on the cell surface recognize antigens on the surface of target cells and directly destroy the invading antigens. Then they reproduce creating an army to battle the invader and activate other T and B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
CD4- become helper T cells
CD8 - become cytotoxic T cells
regulatory T cells
memory T cells
rare subgroups |
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Term
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Definition
antibodies produced by plasma cells are specialized to latch onto intact bacteria and soluble foreign molecules in extracellular environments. Free in body secretions and tissue fluid and circulating in blood and lymph. Antibodies never invade solid tissues unless a lesion is present.
race between antibody production and pathogen multiplication determines whether or not you become sick.
REMEMBER: FORMING ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN COMPLEX DOES NOT DESTROY ANTIGENS. IT PREPARES THEM FOR DESTRUCTION BY INNATE DEFENSES. |
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Term
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Definition
cant see either free antigens or antigens that are in their natural state.
can recognize and respond only to PROCESSED fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells.
target body cells infected by viruses or bacteria; cancerous cells and cells infused or transplanted foreign material
must recognize "self" and "nonself" |
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Term
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Definition
t cell
destroy the target cell by binding to the antigen and releaseing damaging enzymes or chemicals such as monokines and lymphokines, which may destroy foreign cell membranes or cause an inflammatory response, attract macrophages to the site, stimulate proliferation of more lymphocytes and stimulate hematopoiesis. |
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Term
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Definition
t cell that facilitate the immune response.
regulate all the cells in the immune system; the b and t cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and NK cells by secreting the " messenger" cytokines.
HIV destroys these cells
ratio of 2:1 to cd8 cytotoxic cells |
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Term
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Definition
humoral immunity
produce antibodies or immunoglobulins
mature in the bone marrow
proceed to spleen and lymph tissue
act against bacteria and viruses that are outside body cells.
after exposure to antigen with help from t cells become antibody producing plasma cells. |
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Term
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Definition
lymphocytes
destroy without prior exposure
no memory
against virus infected or canerous cells |
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Term
| 5 classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inactive proteins C1 to C9 circulating in the blood
lyses microorganisms
enhances phagocytosis by opsonization
intensifies inflammatory and immune responses
when activated, stimulates release of other chemical mediators
promotes inflammation, chemotaxis and phagocytosis
a chemical mediator |
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Term
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Definition
most common antibody in blood
main antibody primary and secondary immune respones
activates complement
antibacterial
antiviral
antitoxin
crosses placenta and creates passive immunity to newborn
readily fixes to complement |
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Term
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Definition
bound to B lymphocytes in circulation and serves as an antigen receptor
first to increase in the immune response(presence in plasma usually indicates current infection by the pathogen eliciting IgMs formation)
activates complement
forms natural antibodies
involved in ABO blood typing reaction
potent agglutinating agent
readily fixes and activates complement |
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Term
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Definition
Found in secretions -tears, saliva, mucous membranes
found in colostrum for protection of newborn
prevents attachment of pathogens to epithelial cell surfaces (including mucous membranes and the epidermis) |
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Term
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Definition
Binds to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes
when linked to allergen causes release of histamine and other chemicals resulting in inflammation
secreted by plasma cellsin skin, mucosae of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and tonsils.
stem region becomes bound to mast cells and basophils
when its receptor ends are triggered by an antigen it causes the cells to release the chemicals
LEVELS RISE DURING ALLERGIC ATTACKSOR CHRONIC PARASITIC ENFECTIONS OF THE GASTRO TRACK |
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Term
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Definition
attached to B cells
activates B cells
acts as antigen receptor of the B cell |
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Term
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Definition
released from mast cells and basophils
allergic reactions
causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability or edema
contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and pruritus
chemical mediator |
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Term
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Definition
cause vasodilation
increased permeability (edema)
pain
chemical mediator |
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Term
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Definition
group of lipids
some cause inflammation
some cause vasodilation
some increased permeability and pain
chemical mediator |
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Term
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Definition
group of lipids
derived from mast cells and basophils
cause contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and have role in development of inflammation
chemical mediator |
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Term
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Definition
messengers
includes: lymphokines, monokines, interferons, interleukins
produced by macrophages, activated by t lymphocytes
stimulate activation and proliferation of B and T cells
communication between cells
involved in inflammation, fever and leukocytosis
chemical mediator |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Tumor Necrosis Factor
(TNF) |
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Definition
cytokine active in inflammatory and immune responses
stimulateds fever, chemotaxis
mediator of tissue wasting
stimulates T-cells
mediator in septic shock (decreasing BP)
stimulates necrosis in some tumors
chemical mediator |
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Term
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Definition
abnormally low serum albumin levels
x-linked
low antibody levels because of a be cell defect
primary deficiency (immunodeficiency) |
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Term
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Definition
attract phagocytes to area of inflammation
chemical mediator |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of specific antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| species specific immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| gene specific immunity evident across ethnic groups |
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Term
| 2 steps to immune response |
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Definition
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Term
| primary response immunity |
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Definition
when a person is first exposed to an antigen.
antigen is recognized and processed and subsequent development of antibodies or sensitized T-lymphocytes initiated 1-2 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
repeat exposure to the same antigen
much more rapid and results in higher antibody levels than the primary response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 ways to acquire immunity |
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Definition
active natural immunity
active artificial immunity
passive natural immunity
passive artificial immunity |
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Term
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Definition
person's own body develops antibodies or T-cells in response to a specific antigen introduced into the body.
Takes a few weeks but lasts for years because of memory B and T cells |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when antibodies are transferred from one person to another.
Effective immediately but only temporary protection because there is no memory
temporary |
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Term
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Definition
direct exposure to antigen and develop antibodies
memory occurs |
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Term
| artificial active immunity |
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Definition
specific antigen is purposefully introduced into the body, stimulating the production of antibodies.
vaccine
memory occurs |
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Term
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Definition
IgG is transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta
breast milk too
protect infant for the first few months of life |
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Term
| passive artificial immunity |
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Definition
injection of antibodies from a person or animal into a second person
EX: rabies antiserum, snake antivenom |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue transferred between members of the same species but differ genetically-e.g., one human to another human |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue transferred between two genetically identical bodies, e.g., identical twins |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue transferred from one part of the body to another part on the same individual-e.g., skin or bone |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue transferred from a member of one species to a different species-e.g, pig to human |
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Term
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Definition
| host's immune system rejects the graft |
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Term
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Definition
graft tissue contains T cells that attack the host cells
Ex: bone marrow transplants |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs immediately after transplant as circulation is re-established |
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Term
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Definition
| develops after several weeks when unmatched antigens cause a reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| late rejection after months or years, with gradual degeneration of the blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| a microorganism, normally nonpathogenic, that causes infectious disease when the person's resistance is reduced,microbial balance is upset or the microbe is transferred to another part of the body |
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Term
| immunosuppressive therapy |
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Definition
| used to suppress the immune system like in the case of a transplant. It raises the risk for infection caused usually by opportunistic microorganisms. |
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Term
| Type I hypersensitivity or allergic reaction |
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Definition
IgE bound to mast cells
release of histamine and chemical mediators
immediate inflammation and pruritus
EX: hay fever, anaphylaxis, peanut |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
severe, acute reaction.
Type I sensitivity
life-threatening ,systemic hypersensitivity
decreased blood pressure
airway obstruction
severe hypoxia |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic predisposition toward development of a hypersensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue cells that are present in large numbers in the mucosa of the respiratory and digestive tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| small thin walled sac containing fluid EX: blister |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
actions involved in type I allergic reactions
anaphylaxis |
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Definition
mast cells release chemical mediators
general or systemic vasodilation occurs with sever decrease in blood pressure
edema of lung mucosa and constriction of bronchi and bronchioles
lack of O2 with both respiratory and circulatory impairment can cause loss of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
are inherited & can predispose or increase susceptibility to certain diseases.
Such as diseases that affect the joints, endocrine glands & skin such as RA, Graves disease, & psoriasis. |
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Term
| factors affecting immune response |
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Definition
1. Amount of antigen introduced
2. Site of introduction
Ex-skin gives a local response
3. Type of antigen introduced
Some are deadly, some are not
4. Host
Are you able to respond to NON self? How immunosuppressed you are? |
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Term
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Definition
Neutrophils (granulocyte)
Eosinophils (granulocyte)
Basophils (granulocyte)
Monocytes
Lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Aka polymorphonuclear cells (PMN)
Derived from bone marrow
Increase in response to infection & inflammation
May damage host tissues during destruction
Dead PMN’s =‘s pus |
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Term
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Definition
1. Neutrophils
2. Monocytes
After neutrophils kill the invading organism, macrophages clear up the debris.
Both neutrophils & macrophages have receptors for antibodies & complement so coating of bugs occurs. Ex-PB & J |
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Term
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Definition
These T lymphocytes or HELPER lymphocytes carry microscopic markers located on their surface that identifies them specifically.
T2
T3
T5
T7
T4 are the helper cells
T8 are cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells turn on Killer cells & B cells
Killer T cells kill non self by insertion of a protein channel
Suppresor T cells limit immune response
Memory T cells are activated during initial exposure, can be activated quickly w/re-exposure. |
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Term
| S&S of anaphylactic shock |
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Definition
generalized itching or tingling
coughing and difficulaty in breathing
feelings of weakness
dizziness
sense of fear and panic
edema may be observed around eyes,lips,tongue,hands and feel
hives or urticaria
general collapse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
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Definition
ABO blood incompatibility
IgG or IgM reacts with antigen on cell-compliment activated
cell lysis and phagocytosis |
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Term
| Type III Immune Complex Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
autoimmune disorders; SLE, glomerulonephritis RA
antigen-antibody complex deposits in tissue-compliment activated
inflammation, vasculitis |
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Term
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Definition
systemic reaction that occurs when immune complex deposits occur in many tissues
with reduced use of animal serum for pasive immunization, serum sickness is less common today |
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Term
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Definition
| antigen and antibody form a complex and is then deposited in tissue |
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Term
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Definition
localized inflammatory and tissue necrosis that results when an immune complex lodges in the blood vessel wall causing vasculitis.
EX: farmer's lung;reaction to molds inhaled when and individual handles moldy hay |
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Term
| Typ IV : cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity |
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Definition
contact dermatitis, transplant rejection
antigen binds to T-lymphocyte; sensitized lymphocyte releases lymphokines
delayed inflammation
sensitized T-lymphocytes release chemical mediators that cause an inflammatory response and destruction of the antigen.
TB test
organ transplant rejection |
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Term
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Definition
| can be serious type I or type iv which manifests within 48-96 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies formed against self antigens |
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Term
| systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
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Definition
chronic inflammatory disease
erythematosus- red rash of the face, nose, cheeks
lupus(wolf)
affects mostly women and manifests between 20 and 40 years old; higher in african americans, asians, hispanics and native americans |
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Term
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Definition
presence of multiple systems (4 min.) and lab data showing the presence of autoantibodies.
large numbers of autoantibodies circulating against DNA, platelets, erythrocytes, various nucleic acids and other nuclear materials.
erythrocyte sedimentation rate is high (ESR) |
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Term
primary deficiency
(immunodeficiency) |
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Definition
involve a basic developmental failure somewhere in the system, the thymus, or synthesis of antibodies.
EX: bone marrow's production of stem cells) |
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Term
| secondary immunodeficiency |
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Definition
(or acquired immunodeficiency) refers to the loss of the immune response resulting from specific causes and may occur at any time during the lifespan.
EX: infection (viral especially)
splenectomy
malnutrition
liver disease
use of immunosuppressive drugs
HIV-AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| prophylactic antimicrobial |
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Definition
| preventative antibiotics administered to anyone with immunodeficient states before undertaking an invasive procedure that carries an increased risk of organisms entering the body. |
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Term
| immunodeficiency disorders |
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Definition
b-cell (humoral) hypogammaglobulinemia (congenital)
t-cell ( cell-mediated) thymic aplasia
Di George's syndrome AIDS; temporary with some viruses
B and T cell inherited combined immunodeficiency syndromes (CIDS)
Phagocytes inherited chronic granulomatous diseases (CGDs)
Complement Inherited deficit of one or more systems |
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Term
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Definition
attacks helper T cells(CD4) and macrophages and initially invades and multiplies in lymphoid tissue, the lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen, using these tissues as a reservoir for continued infection,
considered chronic disease
HIV-1 and HIV-2 (chimp to human)
retrovirus which contains RNA
highest incidence in women and children |
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Term
signs include:
pneumocystis carinii, pneumonia, cancer such as Kaposi's sarcoma |
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Definition
could indicate HIV
signs are not clarified but immunodeficiency shows one way or another eventually |
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Term
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Definition
| impaired function of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
affects the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs. skin lesions appear purple or brown are non-pruritic, painless patches that eventually become nodular.
A classic incidence with AIDS
much more common in men |
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Term
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Definition
fungus is a common cause of severe pheumonia
Common in those with AIDS
children with AIDS exhibit this |
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Definition
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