Term
| Understand the components of the lymphatic system and the 2 basic functions of this system. |
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Definition
1. return the lymph back into the bloodstream
2. move lymph past immune cells which destroy viruses and bacteria in the lymph
lymph travels through lymphatic vessels and through lymph nodes with phagocytes and lymphocytes which destroy pathogens.
other lymphatic tissue with immune cells include:
tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Payer's patch, and spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| a lymph is a colorless fluid that is made when plasma leaves the blood in the capillaries and moves into interstitial space |
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Term
| Where do lymphs come from and go to and how? |
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Definition
lymphs come from plasma leaving the blood at capillaries and moving into interstitial space
lymphs containing viruses, debris, bactiera and cancer cells enter lymph capillaries
lymphs move through lymphatic vessels and through lymph nodes with phagocytes and lymphocytes that kill the unwanted substances.
lymphs reenter the blood stream at large vessels of the heart. |
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Term
| What are the basic function of lymph tissues and organs? |
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Definition
to produce lymphocytes and immune responses
protect the body from disease and infection
lymph organs include:
tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Payers patch, spleen
speen also stores blood and destroys old red blood cells |
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Term
| What is the function of your immune system? |
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Definition
| defending the body against pathogens in the environment (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists) and abnormal body cells (cancerous or pre-cancerous cells) |
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Term
| The innate immune defenses |
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Definition
External defenses:
skin, mucous membranes, secretions
Internal defenses:
natural killer cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes |
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Term
| The acquired immune responses |
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Definition
humoral response (antibodies)
cell-mediated responce (cytotoxic lymphocytes) |
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Term
| What is the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| innate immunity you are born with. it is a rapid response to a broad range of microbes. acquired immunity you acquire over your lifetime. it is a slower response to specific microbes. |
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Term
| What are the roles of keratin, mucous membranes, and lysozyme in innate immunity? |
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Definition
they are external defenses
skin has protective keratin and acidic pH
mucous membranes line digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive openings
mucous traps particles, nasal hairs filter air, acidic gastral fluids, acidic mantle in vagina, ciliated mucous membranes in respiratory organs
saliva and tears contain lysozyme which kill bactera |
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Term
| What are the roles of histamine, complement, and interferon in innate immune response? |
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Definition
histamine is released by damaged cells during the inflammatory response. it causes capillaries to dilate and become more permeable, bringing more blood to the infected area.
complement proteins create a chemical gradiant attracting phagocytes. complement proteins attach to a pathogen membrane and form a membrane attack complex. MAC creates pores in the pathogen membrane, lysing it.
interferon is released by virally infected cells. it binds to nearby cells and protects them from the virus.
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Term
| What happens in an inflammatory response and why is in indicated by redness, pain, warmth, and swelling? |
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Definition
1. damaged cells release chemical histamine which dilates capillaries and makes them more permeable, bringing more blood to the area.
2. fluid, clotting factors, and complement leave blood and enter site of injury. clotting begins.
3. phagocytes leave blood and enter infected area.
4. phagocytes engulf, destroy and kill pathogens and damaged cells.
redness, swelling and warmth are caused by the rush of blood to the area. pain is caused by the release of chemicals by damaged cells. |
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Term
| Understand the Humoral (antibodies) and Cell Mediated immune responses. |
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Definition
both responses are coordinated by helper T cells.
after exposure, helper T cells secrete cytokines that stimulate appropriate lymphocytes to proliferate either
B cells, for Humoral Reponse. Give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells. plasma cells secrete antibodies that defend against pathogens and toxins in extra cellular fluid.
or
cytotoxic T cells in cell-mediated response. cytotoxic T cells gives rise to memory cytotoxic T cells and active cytoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted tissues. |
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Term
| What does it mean when a cell "presents" an antigen? |
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Definition
| MHC molecules present antigen peptides so T cell receptors can recognize them. TCR's can only recognize antigens if they are carried by MHC molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
an antigen is a foreign molecule, usually a protein or a polysaccharide that is recognized by lymphocytes and illicits a response from them
they are located on the surface of pathogens or cells or free in extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
Antibodies are Y shaped immune proteins (immunoglobulins) that inactivate antigens in a variety of ways.
they either enhance phagocytosis or lead to cell lysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| MHC molecules carry peptides and present them to T cells |
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Term
| How does your immune system have memory? |
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Definition
the immune system "remembers" antigens it has already fought off with memory cells
memory cells are long lived and respond to subsequent exposures to same antigen
immune system uses memory cells to initiate secondary immune response for fast and massive recovery in which the individual does not get sick |
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