Term
| the function of the immune system |
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Definition
| protect the body from foreign antigens, identify and destroy potentially harmful cells and to remove cellular debris |
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Term
| the body's natural or induced response to infection and its associated conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| patients who are _ have immune systems that identify antigens and effectively destroy or remove them |
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Definition
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Term
| When the immune system functions ineffectively, the result may be an _ |
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Definition
| overreaction or immunodeficiency |
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Term
| overrecation of the immune system to an antigen or antigens is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| the immun system loses the ability to recognize its own tissues and begins to attack them |
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Definition
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Term
| an immunodeficiency can develop when the immune system is _ |
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Definition
| incompetent or unable to respond effectively |
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Term
| an immune system deficit that is induced by infection with HIV and is characterized by opportunistic infections |
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Definition
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
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Term
| External agents that activate the immune system include |
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Definition
| microorganissm, minor injuries such as small lacerations or bruis and major injuries such as burns, surgeries, and systemic diseases |
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Term
| The response of the immune system may be |
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Definition
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Term
| Prevent or limit the entry of invaders into the body, therby limiting the etent of tissue damage and reducing the workload fo the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| _ is an example of a non-specific response |
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Definition
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Term
| when the inflammatory process in unable to destroy invading organsims the body's _ immune response is activated |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| can occur through exposure to a disease ro through vaccinatino |
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Definition
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Term
| involves introducing a weakened or killed from of the disease into the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Occurs when inidviduals receive antibodies from another person rather than by producing them through their own immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| passive immuninity only lasts for a few |
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Definition
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Term
| the primary cells involved in bonth nospecific and specific immune system responses |
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Definition
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Term
| Like all blood cells, leukocytes derive from _ in the _ |
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Definition
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Term
| The normal number of circulating leukocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| a WBC count greater than 10,000 mm3 |
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Definition
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Term
| a decrease in the number of circulating leukocyts |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when bone marrow activity is suppressed or when leukocty destruction increases |
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Definition
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Term
| leukocytes are divded into three major gropus |
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Definition
| granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Term
| dervie from the myeloid stemcells of the bone marraow and are instrumental in the inflammatory response |
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Definition
| granuloctyes and monocytes |
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Term
| ddecrive from the lymphoind stem cells of the bone marrow |
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Definition
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Term
| the primary cells involved in the specific immune response |
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Definition
|
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Term
| play key role in protecting the body from harmful microorganisms during acute inflammation and infection |
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Definition
|
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Term
| three types of granulocytes |
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Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils |
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Term
| the most plentifuls of the granulocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| phagoctyic cells, responsibel for engulfing and destroying foreign agents, particularly bacteria nd small particle s |
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Definition
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Term
| drawn by chemicals released by damaged tissue and invading organisms, _ are the first phagoctyic cells to arrive at the site of invasion |
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Definition
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Term
| cesionphils have a circulating half-life of _ and a tissue half-life of _ days |
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Definition
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Term
| Esinophils are found in large numbers in the _ where they are thought to be responsible for protecting the body from parasistic worms including _ |
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Definition
| respiratory and GI tracts; tapeworms, flukes, pinwomrs, hookworms |
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Term
| Granules within the basophils contain _ protiens and chemicals such as _, these substances are released during an acute hypersensitivity reaction or stress response |
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Definition
| heparin, histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, and a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis |
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Term
| the largest of the leukocytes |
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Definition
|
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Term
| monocytes activate the immune respons against chronic incfections such as |
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Definition
| tuberculosis, viral infections, certian intracellular parasistic infections |
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Term
| after settling into the tissues, monocyttes mature into |
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Definition
|
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Term
| tissue macrophages found in loose connective tissue |
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Definition
|
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Term
| kupffer cells are macrophages found in the |
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Definition
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Term
| alveolar macrophatges are found in the |
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Definition
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Term
| microglia are found in the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| tissue macrophages also can be found in the |
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Definition
| spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and bone marrow |
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Term
| star shaped cells that originate in both the myeloid and the lymphoind cell lines |
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Definition
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Term
| Dendritic cells serve as sentinels for antigens in most organs including the: |
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Definition
| heart, liver, kidney and GI tract |
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Term
| specialized DCs in the skin |
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Definition
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Term
| Diseases such as _ develop when the normal function of the DCs is suppressed and they become too tolerant |
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Definition
| lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis |
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Term
| lymphocytes moniort the body for coancerous cells and attempt to destroy them |
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Definition
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Term
| cells responsivle for providing acquired immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| resistnace to an antigen resulting from previous exposure to that antigen |
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Definition
|
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Term
| three types of lymphocyts are |
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Definition
| T, B and natrual killer cells |
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Term
| mature in the thymus gland and are integral to the specific immun e respons |
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Definition
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Term
| activated and mature into either plasma cells, whench secret antibodies or memory cells |
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Definition
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Term
| large granular cells that are activated by cytokines and released by T cells |
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Definition
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Term
| NK cells are cytotoxic as well but unlike T cells, they do no require connection with an APC to becme activated and kill |
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Definition
| cancer cells, virus infected cells, or cells infected with microbes |
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Term
| provoke a specific immune response when introduced into the body |
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Definition
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Term
| many antigens are proteins found on the cell membrane or cell wall of |
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Definition
| microoroganisms or tissues, incompativle blood cells, vaccines, pllen, egg whites, anima ldander and insect or snake venom |
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Term
| The portion of an antigen that incites a specific immune response is called its |
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Definition
| antigenic determinant site |
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Term
| are typically large moelcules with multiple antigenic determinant sites |
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Definition
| complete antigens (immunogens) |
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Term
| Complete antigens have two characteristics |
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Definition
| immunogenicity, specific reactivity |
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Term
| the ability to stimulate a specific immune resopnse |
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Definition
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Term
| the ability to stimulate specific immune system components |
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Definition
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Term
| the B cell or humoral branch of the immune system mainly eliminates extracellular antigens such as _ through the production of antibodies |
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Definition
| bacteria, bacterial toxins, free viruses |
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Term
| Upon first exposure to an antigen, the B lymphocyte system begins producing antibodies that react specifically to that antigen, this process is know as the |
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Definition
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Term
| primary immune response occurs within |
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Definition
|
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Term
| five classes of antibodies called immunoglobulins |
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Definition
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Term
| The five immunoglobulins together make up the |
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Definition
| antibody-mediated himmune response |
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Term
| _ is produced 48 to 72 hours after an antigen enters the body a |
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Definition
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Term
| _ is responsible for primary immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| IgM produces antibody activity againts |
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Definition
| rheumatoid factors, gram-negative organisms and the ABO blood group |
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Term
| Because it does not pass the placenta, the serum value of IgM is _ in newborns |
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Definition
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Term
| IgM level increases in babies after _ of age |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| reults from secondary exposure to the foreign antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| responsible for antiviral and antibacterial activity |
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Definition
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Term
| IgG pass through the _ and provides early immunity for the newborn |
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Definition
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Term
| IgA is found in the secretions of the |
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Definition
| respiratory, GI and genitoruinary tracts, tears and saliva |
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Term
| the purpose of IgA is to: |
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Definition
| protect mucous membraings from invading organisms |
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Term
| those having congenital IgA deficiency are prone to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| IgD is a unique immunoglobulin that can be found in th: |
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Definition
| circulation, nasopharyngeal, oral and lachrymal secretions as well as on the surface fo myeloid innate effectercells |
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Term
| increases during allergic reactions and anaphylaxis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| _ is important in defense against parasitic disease |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the primary agents of the cell-mediated immune response |
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Definition
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Term
| Intracellular pathogens such as _ activated T lymphoctyes |
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Definition
| virus-infected cells, cancer cells, foreign tissue |
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Term
| cell mediated immunity acts at the cellular level by attacking antigens directly bay activating: |
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Definition
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Term
| T lymphocytes are devided into |
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Definition
| effector cells and reuglatory cells |
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Term
| the primary effector cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulartory t cells ae devided into two subsets know as |
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Definition
| helper t cells and suppressor t cells |
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Term
| _ initiate the immune response whereas _ limit it |
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Definition
| helper t cells; supressor t cells |
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Term
| accomplish their role by promotign growth of addition t cells, by stimulating proliferation of b cells and by activating killer t cells |
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Definition
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Term
| believed to be important in preventing autoimmune disorders |
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Definition
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Term
| proper immune system funciton depends on the correct balance between |
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Definition
| helper and suppressor t cells |
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Term
| Lymphoid system consists of the |
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Definition
| lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow and lymphoid tissue scattered in connective tissues and mucosa |
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Term
| _ are considered central lymphoid organs |
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Definition
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Term
| _ and other lympoid tissue are considered peripheral lymphoid orgas |
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Definition
| spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils |
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Term
| lympoid system exists to recover protiens for the _ and protect the bloodstream from invading organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| small, round or bean shaped bodies that are encapsulated and vary in size from 1mm to 2 cm |
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Definition
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Term
| lymph nodes can be found in the |
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Definition
| neck, axillae,a bdomen and gorin |
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Term
| Lymph nodes have two specific functions |
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Definition
| filter foreign prudcts from lymph, house and support proliferation of lymphoctes and macrophages |
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Term
| largest lymphoid organ in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| the only lympoid organ that can filter blood |
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Definition
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Term
| the spleen is located in the _ of the abdomen |
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Definition
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Term
| the spleed has two kinds of tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| lymphoid tissue that serves as a site for lyphocyte proliferation and imune surveillance |
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Definition
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Term
| blood filtration occurs in the _ of the spleen where phagoctytic cells dispose of damaged or aged RBCs and platelets in blood filled venous sinuses |
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Definition
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Term
| Red pulp also removes other debris and foreign matter such as |
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Definition
| bacteria, viruses and toxins |
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Term
| If the spleen is removed the _ may assum its function |
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Definition
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Term
| during fetal life and childhood, the thymus serves as a site for the amturation and differentiation fo |
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Definition
| thymic lymphoid cells, T cells |
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Term
| bone marrow is found in the hollow cavity of the long bones , particularly the _ as well as in the flat bones fo the _ |
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Definition
| femur and humerus; pelvis, ribs and sternum |
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Term
| Lymphoid tissues are located at key sites of potential invasion by microoorganisms: |
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Definition
| the skin and submusosa of the genitorinary, respiratory and Gi TRACTS |
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Term
| IgA coats mucosal cells and prevents attachemtn of intraluminal bacteria in the |
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Definition
| intestine, upper respiratory tract, bronchi, mammary ducts salivary glands |
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Term
| protect the body from inhaled or ingested foreign agents |
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Definition
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Term
| Inflammation brings _ into the interstitial tissues where the invasion or damage occured |
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Definition
| fluid, dissolved substances and blood cells |
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Term
| examples of hyperresponsive immune function |
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Definition
| allergies, autoimmune disorders, reactions to organ tissu transplants |
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Term
| characterized by rapid development of symptoms after exposure to an antigen |
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Definition
| IgE-mediated hypersensitivity (Type 1) |
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Term
| Type I reactions usually occur within _ minutes after antigen exposure and may involve the _ |
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Definition
| 15 to 30 mins; skin, nasopharynx, bronchopulmonary tissues, GI tract |
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Term
| the most seveer form of an immediate hpyersensity reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| this response includes the rupture of cells targeted by the immune response that may affect a variety of organs and tissues |
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Definition
| Cytotoxic hypersensitivity (Type II) |
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Term
| Examples of Type II hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
| transfusion reaction, Rh incompatibility, hashimoto thyroiditis and good pasture sydrome |
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Term
| includes inflammatory response in th targeted tissues that leads to tissue damage |
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Definition
| immune complex mediated hypersensistivity (type III) |
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Term
| Autoimmune disorders such as _ areincluded in Type III reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| involves a major histocompatibility complex and is characterized by tissue damage at the site of antigen contact within 24 to 48 hours after exposure |
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Definition
| Delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) |
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Term
| Examples of type IV hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
| tuberculin reaction, allergic contact dermatitis |
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Term
| Other known triggers of autoimmune diseases include |
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Definition
| viruses, bacteria, hormones, pollutants and stress |
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Term
| occurs minutes or hours after transplantation |
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Definition
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Term
| hyperacute rejection is characterized by |
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Definition
| organ swelling, clot formation, hemmorhage |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in urine output, swelling, pain and blood and protein in the urine n |
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Term
| occurs months to years after transplantation |
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Definition
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Term
| Immune deficiencies lead to dysfunction in ether the _ |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary immune deficiencies are congenital and may affect |
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Definition
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Term
| lead to decreased immune functin and increased susceptibility to infection and malignancies |
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Definition
| secondary immune deficiencies |
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Term
| attacks and depletes helper t cellls, causing immune dysfunction |
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Definition
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Term
| WHen lymphocyte levels fall below _ HIV has progressed to AIDS |
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Definition
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Term
| ways to reduce risk of infection |
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Definition
| porper nutrition and fluids intake, good personal hygiene, adequate sleep, vaccines, and reduction of stress |
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Term
| a reaction of the local circulatory system to an insult, injury or antigen |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abscess, scar formation, persistent inflammation |
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Term
| diseases for which vavvines are routinely recommended include |
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Definition
| measles, mupms, rubella, polio, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, haemophilius influenzae type b, hepatitis A and B, pneumococus, varicella, rotavirus and influenza |
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Term
| the process of introducing an antigen into the body and naturally allowing imminty agains a disease to develop |
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Definition
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Term
| develops when an antigen is given in the form of a vaccine |
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Definition
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Term
| a vaccine that contains the killed version of the microorganism that causes a diseas but is still capable of inducing the human body to prodcue antibodies |
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Definition
| killed or inactivated virus vaccine |
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Term
| a toxin produced by the microorgansim that causes a disease is treated to weaken its toxic effects but retain its antigenicity |
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Definition
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Term
| a vaccine that contains an attenuated from of the microorgansim that causes a disease |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA from two or more sources is combined to genetically alter an organism for use in vaccines |
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Definition
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Term
| a combination fo weak antigen joined with a strong antigen as the carrier to increase the immune response to the weaker antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| boosters are required for _ type vaccines |
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Definition
| toxoid, recombinant forms and conjugated forms |
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Term
| serious reactions t vaccines that occur in rare instnaces |
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Definition
| anaphylaxis, encephalopathy, bacterial neuritis, chronic arthritsm thrombocytopenia purpura and death |
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Term
| most vaccines for infants and children are started between ages _ |
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Definition
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Term
| It is recommended by the CDC that all adults age 65 and older receive the _ vaccine |
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Definition
| pneumoccal polycasscharide |
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Term
| Any patient who received one dose of PPSV23 prior to age 65 should have a second dose at least _ after the first dose was received |
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Definition
|
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Term
| contraindications for immunizations may include an acute illness with |
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Definition
| high fever, a hypersensitivity reaction to specific vaccine components, immunoglobulin therapy in the past 3 to 6 months, cancer treatment, and pregnancy |
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Term
| optimal immune function depends on: |
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Definition
| intact skin and mucous membrane barriers, adequat blood cell production and differentiation, a functional system of lymphatics and the spleen and the ability to differentiate foreign tissue and pathogens from normal body tissue flora |
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Term
| proper _ are improtant in maintaining an effective immune system |
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Definition
| nutrition, adequate exercise, good night's sleep |
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Term
| while _ exercise seems to enhance immunity _ may reduce immune function, leaving a window of opportunity for infection during recovery phase |
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Definition
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Term
| Individuals who are deprived of NREM sleep can experience _ and have increased susceptibility to infection |
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Definition
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Term
| _ are a core part of the management of alterations in immune function |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the major targes of most bilogic therapies are |
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Definition
| cytokines, b cells and co stimulation molecules |
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Term
| HIV may use acupuncture to alleviat symptoms such as |
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Definition
| fatigue, insomina, night sweats and minimize side effects of antiretroviral medications |
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Term
| the only immunoglobulin with the ability to cross the placenta |
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Definition
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Term
| maternal IgG disappears when the infant is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Mature levels of IGG are reached at _ years of age |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in the older adult _ are less responsive to antigens, while _ produce fewer antibodies |
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Definition
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