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immunity
microbiology
74
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
10/27/2015

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Term
Innate immunity
Definition
There is immediate maximal response, not antigen specific, and exposure results in no immunological memory
Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition
Response is antigen dependent, there is a lag time between exposure and maximum response, antigen specific, exposure results in immunological memory, and recognition by antibody and T cell receptors
Term
Species resisitant
Definition
Only affects certain animals or plants and not humans because our physiology is different
Term
Innate immunity
Definition
Present at birth
Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition
Acquired over time from exposure
Term
Skin (dermis/epidermis)
Definition
Has chemicals that defend against pathogens. Perspiration secreted by sweat glands; sebum secreted by oil glands
Term
Mucous membranes
Definition
Lines all body cavities open to environment, produces chemical that defends against pathogens
Term
Lacrimal apparatus
Definition
Lysozymes that destroy bacteria
Term
Normal microbiota
Definition
Microbial anatonism, makes it hard for pathogens to compete
Term
Plasma
Definition
Liquid part of blood that carries blood cells, and plasma proteins which help with inflammation and blood clotting. Iron binding proteins bind to iron in blood which makes iron unavailable to pathogens
Term
Erythrocytes (RBC'S)
Definition
Most numerous in body. Biconcave shape and transports gases
Term
Leukocytes (WBC'S)
Definition
Used in immunity, broken into two catergories: granulocytes that contain granules and can exit the blood and agranulocytes which don't contain granules
Term
Granulocytes
Definition
Broken down into Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils
Term
Agranulocytes
Definition
Broken down into lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
Basophils
Definition
Stain blue; not phagocytic, release chemical to cause inflammation
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
Stain orange/red; phagocytic, high number in blood indicates allergic reaction or infection with helmin worms
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
Stain light purple; phagocytic
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
Smallest WBC'S; nuclei covers almost entire cell, plays a part in adaptive immunity
Term
Monocytes
Definition
Leaves blood stream and become macrophage and eat foreign pathogens
Term
Platelets
Definition
Broken pieces of cells used for clotting; helps with inflammation
Term
Nonphagocytic killings
Definition
Broken into 3 types: killing by Eosinophils, killing by natural killer lymphocytes, and killing by neutrophils
Term
Killing by Eosinophils
Definition
Secrete antimicrobial chemicals, protect from helmins
Term
Killing by natural killer lymphocytes
Definition
Secrete toxins that attack virally affected cells
Term
Killing by neutrophils
Definition
Produce enzymes that create bleach with kills the bacteria
Term
Toll like receptors (TLRs)
Definition
10 in body, proteins that are part of WBC'S and act as an early warning system. They detect pathogen associates molecular patterns (microbes). Very important because if they fail your immune system is compromised
Term
NOD proteins
Definition
Proteins found on leukocytes that bind to certain things and cause cell death and other responses
Term
Interferons
Definition
Protects us from viral infections. Broken into 2 types: type 1 (alpha and beta) 2hich is released within hours of infection to let neighboring cells know a virus is present and type 2 (gamma) which is activated by T cells and starts phagocytosis
Term
Complement
Definition
Activation results in lysis of the foreign cell. Indirectly trigger inflammation and fever. Can be activated in three ways: classical pathway is activated by antibodies, alternative pathway is activated by exotoxins, and Lectin pathway is activated by molecules on bacteria
Term
Inflammation
Definition
-itis / swelling
Term
Fever
Definition
Body temperature over 37*C which enhances interferons and inhibits growth of some microbes and phagocytosis
Term
5 attributes of adaptive immunity
Definition
Specificity, inducibility, clonality, unresponsive to self, and memory
Term
Specificity
Definition
Responds to a certain shape
Term
Inducibility
Definition
Activates only when pathogens are present
Term
Clonality
Definition
Once induced, can clone cells to attack virus
Term
Unresponsive to self
Definition
Your body does not attack itself
Term
Memory
Definition
Will remember pathogen
Term
Lymph
Definition
Watery liquid that carries toxins and pathogens out of the body
Term
Primary lymph organs
Definition
Are WBC'S that mature in red bone marrow and thymus
Term
Secondary lymph organs
Definition
Are the lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphocytes
Term
Antigens
Definition
Shapes found on pathogens. 3 types: exogenous, endogenous, and autogenous
Term
Exogenous
Definition
Responds to things on the outside
Term
Endogenous
Definition
Pathogens that reproduce inside the cell
Term
Autogenous
Definition
Produced from a normal cell process
Term
Epitopes
Definition
3D shape on nucleus membrane that body recongnizes
Term
Function of B cells
Definition
Secretion of antibodies
Term
Five antibody functions
Definition
Neutralization, opsonization, oxidation, agglutonation, and ADCC
Term
Neutralization
Definition
Neutralizes toxins and prevents it from attachment
Term
Opsonization
Definition
Changes shape of antigen and activates phagocytosis
Term
Oxidation
Definition
Produces oxidants that destroy cell
Term
Agglutonation
Definition
Sticking them all together to get rid of them all at once
Term
ADCC
Definition
Natural killer B cells that lyse cells
Term
Function of T cells
Definition
To work against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells
Term
3 types of T cells
Definition
Cytotoxin, helper, and regulatory
Term
Cytotoxin
Definition
Directly kills other cells
Term
Helper
Definition
Assist with activating B cells
Term
Regulatory
Definition
Turns off the response tying to regulate immune system
Term
Major histocompatibility complex
Definition
Holds pathogen in place for T cells at the antigen binding site
Term
Cell mediated immune responses
Definition
Responds to intracellular pathogens and abnormal body cells. Antigen is present. MHC2 and epitote hols in place till T cell arrives and binds. T cell will differentiate and turns into a cell that can destroy pathogen. T cell makes clones of pathogen destroying cells and attaches to pathogens which causes them to lyse
Term
Antibody immune responses
Definition
Helper t cells bind MHC and epitotes to pathogen. Makes clones. They activate and attach to B cells. B cells will then be activated and differentiate to make plasma cells to bind and destroy pathogen.
Term
T independent
Definition
B cells that do not require helper T cells and are found in the interstitial fluid.
Term
T dependent
Definition
B cells that require helper T cells and are found in the lymph nodes
Term
Immunological memory formed
Definition
They are produced by B cell proliferation but does not secrete antibodies. These are long living ells that stay in the lymphoid tissue and initiates production if antigen is encountered again. This is important because your body will know how to fight that specific antigen much quicker subsequent times so they won't make you sick
Term
Naturally aquired
(Active immunity)
Definition
Is something you acquire from coming in contact with a certain pathogen
Term
Artificially acquired
(Passive immunity)
Definition
Is something you acquire an immunity from due to a vaccine
Term
5 different types of vaccines
Definition
Attenuated, inactive, toxoid, combination, and gene technology
Term
Attenuated
Definition
Live pathogens, can cause mild infection
Term
Inactive
Definition
Whole or pieces of dead pathogens
Term
Toxoid
Definition
Gives you modified toxins that won't cause the disease but will build up immunity
Term
Combination
Definition
Combines pathogens
Term
Gene technology
Definition
Takes genes and recombines them to make them safe
Term
Concerns and problems associated with vaccine safety
Definition
Mild toxicity, risk of anaphylactic shock, residual virulence from attenuated viruses
Term
Mild toxicity
Definition
Allergic reactions, injection site soreness
Term
Residual virulence from attenuated viruses
Definition
A little sicker than normal.
Term
Debunked
Definition
Allegations that certain vaccines can cause autism, diabetes, and asthma but research has debunked these allegations
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