Term
| What induces the immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed in response to an antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF you could define Ag-Ab interactions in two words what would you say? |
|
Definition
| Non-covalent and reversible |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of Acquired (adaptive) immunity? |
|
Definition
1) Humoral- Ig (antibody formation) - B cells
2) Cellular- Cellular Responses - T cells |
|
|
Term
| What 3 words would describe Innate Immunity? |
|
Definition
1) Non-specific
2) Constitutive (activity is active always, not inducible)
3) No memory |
|
|
Term
| What 3 words would describe Adaptive Immunity? |
|
Definition
1) Specific for Antigen
2) Inducible
3) Memory |
|
|
Term
| What 5 cells are important for Innate Immunity? |
|
Definition
1) Epithelial barriers
2) Phagocytes
3) Dendritic cells
4) Complement
5) NK cells |
|
|
Term
| What cell type sare important for Adaptive Immunity? |
|
Definition
1) B lymphocytes- antibodies
2) T lymphocytes- Effector T cells |
|
|
Term
| For the primary response in Immunological Memory what is the typical lad phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 keys to the secondary response? |
|
Definition
1) Shorter lag (1-2 days)
2) Higher levels of Abs
3) Longer persistance
4) Affinity maturation
5) Ig Class switching |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 stages of Clonal Selection? |
|
Definition
1) Lymphocyte clones with diverse receptors arise in generative lymphoid organs
2) Clones of mature lymphocytes specific for many antigens enter lymphoid tissues
3) Antigen-specific clones are activated ("selected") by antigens
4) Antigen-specific immune responses occur (Generation of memory cells happens now) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone Marrow (remember B's stick together) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thymus (remember T's stick together) |
|
|
Term
| The strength with which one antigen-binding surface of an antibody binds to one epitope of an antigen is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN secondary response, the increase in antigen-binding strength is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total strength of binding is much greater than the affinity of a single antigen-antibody bond and is called? (Think of IgM esp.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies produced against one antigen may bind other, structurally similar, antigens. Such binding to similar epitopes is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is natural immunity, constitutive defenses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is specific (adaptive) immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of first line defenses? |
|
Definition
1) skin
2) mucous membranes
3) enzymes
4) natural microbial flora
5) complement protein |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of second line defenses? |
|
Definition
These are all innate and non-specific...
Phagocytes
–NK cells
–Granulocytes
–Macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of third line defenses? |
|
Definition
These are all learned and specific immunity...
1) Antibodies
2) Lymphocytes
– T-cells
– B-cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions or purposes of Epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
1) External surface of body (e.g. skin, conjunctival surface, digestive, reproductive, respiratory and urinary tracts)
2) First anatomical barrier to penetration by inimical substances.
3) Generate products that initiate inflammation (antimicrobials peptides, chemokines, cytokines)
4) Mucous layer |
|
|
Term
| What things initiate inflammation? |
|
Definition
1) antimicrobial peptides
2) chemokines
3) cytokines |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major of Constitutive defenses (not involving specific immunity)? |
|
Definition
1) Mechanical
2) Chemical
3) Biological Factors |
|
|
Term
| What is another word to describe the hosts defenses against entry and adherence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of Mechanical defenses? |
|
Definition
Think of it as the barrier and removal...
1) Armor- skin, mucus (mucociliary blankey)
2) Broom- cilia (mucociliary elevator), peristalsis/ flow
3) Hose down- tears, saliva, urine flow |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of Chemical defenses? |
|
Definition
1) Acid (low pH), fatty acids, lysozyme, bile salts, lactoferrin
2) Anti-bacterial factors (defensins, surfactants, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of Biological defenses? |
|
Definition
Normal flora
-Secrete toxic factors
-Compete with pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the eyes? |
|
Definition
-Washing tears
-Lysozyme
-blinking
-IgA
-Lactoferrin |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the Respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
-mucus
-ciliated epithelium
-alveolar macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the Genitourinary tract? |
|
Definition
-washing of urine
-acidity of urine
-lysozyme
-vaginal lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the skin? |
|
Definition
-Anatomical barrier
-Antimicrobial secretions |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the Digestive tract? |
|
Definition
-Mucus
-Stomach acidity
-Normal flora
-Bile
-Peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lysozyme
-lactoferrin
-other toxic substances |
|
|
Term
| What can create problems for the eye and respiratory tract defenses? |
|
Definition
-smoking
-alcohol
-pollutants
-infection
-etc. interfere w/ clearance |
|
|
Term
| What problem in the stomach can predispose some to infections? |
|
Definition
| decrease in stomach acidity |
|
|
Term
| What can be a biological barrier in the gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of good flora in the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the Nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
-Resident microflora
-Secretions (lysozyme, sIgA, lactoferrin, phagocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the Lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the Mouth? |
|
Definition
-Sloughing cells
-Flow of saliva
-Lysozyme
-IgA
-Resident microflora
-Lactoferrin |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the stomach? |
|
Definition
-low pH
-Proteolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
-Fast slow
-Peristalsis
-Mucus
-sloughing cells
-bile |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the colon? |
|
Definition
-slow flow
-mucus
-sloughing cells
-***abundant resident microflora*** |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the bladder? |
|
Definition
-flushing action of urine
-Low pH
-Physical barrier of urethra |
|
|
Term
| What are the protective measures of the vagina? |
|
Definition
-Low pH
-Resident microflora (including lactobacilli) |
|
|
Term
| The inflammatory response is what level of response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a local tissue response to injury – physical, chemical or biological - in which body attempts to localize and eliminate the injurious agent – eventually removing and repairing damaged tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 keys to inflammation? |
|
Definition
1) Occurs rapidly – allowing time for development of specific immune response.
2) Non-specific – same response triggered to a variety of agents.
3) Characterized by edema and recruitment of phagocytic cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are some properties of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
Active types active during acute inflammation
1) (PMNs PNN = polymorphonuclear leukocyte
or neutrophil)= first line of cellular defense
2) Abundant in circulation; transient in tissues
3) More mobile than monocytes
4) Predominant cell to invade infected tissues early in infection
5) Short half-life (1–2 days) |
|
|
Term
| What replaces neutrophils after several days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some properties of macrophages? |
|
Definition
1) Macrophages are major tissue phagocyte; found in lesser numbers in blood than neutrophils
2) Remember macrophages are effector cells in both the innate and the adaptive immune response systems.
3) Both macrophages and neutrophils phagocytose foreign particles and cellular debris |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps of inflammation after tissue injury? |
|
Definition
1) Vasodilation
2) Increased permeability
3) Emigration of leukocytes
4) Chemotaxis
5) Phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| How is pathogen recognized in INNATE system? |
|
Definition
| Role of pathogen associated microbial patterns (PAMPs) and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs; receptors of the innate immune system) |
|
|
Term
| What are some common things recognized on the cell wall or envelope of a gram positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common things recognized on the cell wall or envelope of a gram negative bacteria? |
|
Definition
-LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
-PG (peptidoglycan) |
|
|
Term
| What are some keys about PAMPS? |
|
Definition
1) Microbe assoc.
2) Highly conserved
3) not assoc. with intact host cell |
|
|
Term
| What part of a macrophages recognizes a PAMPs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of PAMPs? |
|
Definition
1) LPS (gram-negative bacteria)
2) Lipoteichoic acid (gram-positive bacteria)
3) Peptidoglycan (cell wall gm pos, neg, mycobacteria)
4) Double stranded RNA (RNA viruses)
5) Mannan (yeast cell walls)
6) Flagellin |
|
|
Term
| What are receptors of the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
| PRRs (Pattern recognition receptors) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main role of PRRs? |
|
Definition
| Help host to “sense” invasion by pathogenic organisms and to respond appropriately to control infection. |
|
|
Term
| Where can PRRs be found on? |
|
Definition
1) dendritic cells
2) macrophages
3) neutrophils
4) epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the classes of PRRs? |
|
Definition
1) Endocytic PR receptors [lectins (e.g.mannose & glucan receptors), scavenger receptors, CR3, CR4, etc.]
2) Signaling PR receptors – Toll-like receptors |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you activate a Signaling PR receptor? |
|
Definition
| Induces the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines to be secreted |
|
|
Term
| What do TLRs do after being activated? |
|
Definition
| Start inflammatory response via cytokine release |
|
|
Term
| What is found on host cells are released upon tissue injury and modulate the inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
| DAMPs (Damage-associated molecular patterns |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of DAMPs? |
|
Definition
1) Activate pattern recognition receptors
2) May induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines
3) Have been shown to initiate or propagate inflammation in non-infectious conditions. |
|
|
Term
| The complex interplay of DAMPs on Dendritic Cells is clinically important, with implications for ... |
|
Definition
-transplantation
-tumor immunity
-rheumatoid arthritis
-autoimmunity
-chronic inflammation
-other conditions of sterile inflammation such as ischemia reperfusion injury. |
|
|
Term
| The complex interplay of DAMPs on Dendritic Cells is clinically important, with implications for ... |
|
Definition
-transplantation
-tumor immunity
-rheumatoid arthritis
-autoimmunity
-chronic inflammation
-other conditions of sterile inflammation such as ischemia reperfusion injury. |
|
|
Term
| Killing of engulfed microorganisms is done by? |
|
Definition
Oxygen dependent and oxygen-independent mech.
- Generation of reactive oxygen intermediates
-Low pH of phagosome
-Fusion with vacuoles that contain antimicrobial proteins, peptides and hydrolases
-Nutrient limitation |
|
|
Term
What are sparsely distributed, migratory group of cells specialized to sample sites of entry of infectious agents?
Part of innate immune system, but also are the most efficient antigen presenting cells for T cell activation – thus link innate and adaptive immune responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a large multi-protein cytosolic complex that can activate caspase-1? Is responsible for secretion of certain proinflammatory cytokines and induction of cell death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three complement pathways? |
|
Definition
1) Alternate
2) Classical
3) Lectin pathway (Mannose-binding lectin) |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiologic activities of complement? |
|
Definition
1) Cellular lysis
2) Opsinization- C3b
3) Release of inflammatory mediators
-Anaphylatoxins (C5a, C3a and C4a-weak)
-Release of chemotactic factors for neutrophils- C5a |
|
|
Term
| What acts on blood vessels to increase vascular permeability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What complements are important in the alternate pathway? |
|
Definition
-C3, C5, (C6, C7, C8, C9)
-Factor B, D
-Properdin |
|
|
Term
| What complements are important in the lectin pathway? |
|
Definition
-C3, C5, (C6, C7, C8, C9)
-MBL, C2, C4 |
|
|
Term
| The goal of all three pathways is to make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C5b initiates assembly of the MAC and C5a stimulates inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are all components of MAC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)
-What are the principal cell sources?
-What are the principal cellular targets and biologic effects? |
|
Definition
Cell Sources:
-Macrophages
-T cells
Targets and effects:
-Endothelial cells- activation(inflammation, coagulation)
-Neutrophils- activation
-Hypothalamus- fever
-Liver- synthesis of acute phase proteins
-Muscle, fat- catabolism (cachexia)
-Many cell types- apoptosis |
|
|
Term
IL-1 (Interleukin-1)
-What are the principal cell sources?
-What are the principal cellular targets and biologic effects? |
|
Definition
Cell Sources:
-Macrophages
-Endothelial cells
-Some epithelial cells
Targets and effects:
-Endothelial cells- activation(inflammation, coagulation)
-Hypothalamus- fever
-Liver- synthesis of acute phase proteins
-T cells- TH17 dedifferentiation |
|
|
Term
| What two pressures in blood vessels control the inflow or out flow of fluid? |
|
Definition
-Hydrostatic pressure
-Colloid pressure |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages release what to attract lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes release what to recruit Macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates Macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two major vasoactive amines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main source of histamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a release of histamine? |
|
Definition
(1) physical injury such as trauma, cold, or heat;
(2) binding of antibodies to mast cells, which underlies allergic reactions
(3) fragments of complement called anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a);
(4) histamine-releasing proteins derived from leukocytes;
(5) neuropeptides (e.g., substance P); and (6) cytokines (IL-1, IL-8). |
|
|
Term
| What causes dilation of arterioles and increases the permeability of venules. It is considered to be the principal mediator of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular permeability, producing interendothelial gaps in venules, as we have seen. Its vasoactive effects are mediated mainly via binding to H1 receptors on microvascular endothelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of NO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of Bradykinin? |
|
Definition
| Increased vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
| What factors are responsible for fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of C-reactive protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of fibrinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of alpha1-antitrypsin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of haptoglobin? |
|
Definition
| Binds hemoglobin (if destruction of RBC, prevents damage |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of C3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of ceruloplasmin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of alpha2-macroglobulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For acute phase proteins, what is present after 6-10 hrs and what is the increase? |
|
Definition
-C-reactive protein
-100-500+ |
|
|
Term
| For acute phase proteins, what is present after 24 hrs and what is the increase? |
|
Definition
- fibrinogen (2-5)
- alpha1-antitrypsin (2-3)
-haptogloglobin (2-6) |
|
|
Term
| For acute phase proteins, what is present after 48-72 hrs and what is the increase? |
|
Definition
- C3 (3-5)
- cerulplasmin (3-12) |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophilia is present during what? |
|
Definition
-Bacterial infections
-Burns
-Tissue necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophilia is present during what? |
|
Definition
-Parasitic infections
-allergic disorders
-Collagen vascular disease |
|
|
Term
| Monocytosis is present during what? |
|
Definition
-Chronic infections (TB)
-Malaria
-IBD |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytosis is present during what? |
|
Definition
-Viral infections
-Bordetella pertussis
-W/ monocytosis in TB |
|
|
Term
| Plasma from persons recovering from recent pneumococcal infection form ________ when mixed with the capsular (C) polysaccharide of pneumococci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The flocculation is due to a protein, now called |
|
Definition
| “C-reactive protein” (CRP) |
|
|
Term
| What do the Toll-like receptors 1-10 recognize? |
|
Definition
-Peptidoglycan
-Lipoproteins
-Lipopolysaccharide
-DNA
-RNA
-Flagellin |
|
|
Term
| What do Toll-like receptors do? |
|
Definition
| The outcome of engagement is release of mediators that promote inflammation or type I interferons |
|
|
Term
| What are carbohydrate binding proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of the C type lectins? |
|
Definition
-Dectin 1&2
-Mannose receptor
-Mincle
-CLEC
-Mannose binding protein |
|
|
Term
| What do C type lectin receptors recognize? |
|
Definition
-Mannans
-Beta glucans
-Mannose |
|
|
Term
| What do C type lectins do? |
|
Definition
| Actions are numerous and include phagocytosis, complement activation (mannose binding protein), binding of pathogens to cell surfaces of phagocytes, induce signals that promote inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of Nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors? |
|
Definition
-NOD 1 and 2 &NLRC
-NOD-like receptors (NLRP) 1-9 |
|
|
Term
| What do Nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors recognize? |
|
Definition
-Bacterial & viral DNA
-Viral RNA
-Bacterial toxins
-Flagellin
-Fragments of peptidoglycan
-Monosodium Urate
-Asbestos
-UV irradiation |
|
|
Term
| What do the Nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors do? |
|
Definition
-Promote the inflammatory response
-Trigger cell death
-Triggers the formation of an “inflammasome” |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of the Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 like receptors (RLR)? |
|
Definition
| A family comprised of RIG-1, MDA5, LGP2, and IPS-1 |
|
|
Term
| What does the Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 like receptors (RLR) recognize? |
|
Definition
Viral RNA and DNA
-Influenza A &B
-Rabies virus
-Hepatitis C virus
-West Nile
-Respiratory syncytial virus (kids mostly affected) |
|
|
Term
| What to Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 like receptors (RLR) do? |
|
Definition
| This family is important in signaling the generation of type I interferon (a & b). These two molecules are important in controlling viral replication. |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect immunogenicity? |
|
Definition
-foeriegness
-molecular size
-complexity |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect immunization? |
|
Definition
-Doses of Ag
-Route of administration (id, im, iv)
-Adjuvants |
|
|
Term
| What are the two light chain families? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of Lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
1) Maturation
2) Ag Reception
3) Cell activation
4) Effector function |
|
|
Term
| Primary adaptive immune response starts with which Ig? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Memory response switches to what in the serum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the half-life of IgG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secretory Ig? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of CD64? |
|
Definition
-Phagocytosis
-activation of phagocytosis
(high affinity for Ig esp IgG) |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of CD64? |
|
Definition
-Macrophages
-neutrophils
-eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of CD32? A variety |
|
Definition
-Phagocytosis
-Cell activation (inefficient)
(low affinity for Ig) |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of CD32? A variety |
|
Definition
-Macrophages
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-Platelets |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of CD32? B variety |
|
Definition
Feedback inhibition of B cells
(low Ig affinity) |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of CD32? B variety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of CD16? |
|
Definition
-Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
(low Ig affinity) |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of CD16? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of FceRI? |
|
Definition
Activation (degranulation) of mast cells and basophils
(High Ig affinity esp IgE) |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of FceRI? |
|
Definition
-Mast cells
-basophils
-eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What Ig's activate complement under the classical pathway? |
|
Definition
IgM and IgG
(GM makes CLASSIC cars) |
|
|
Term
| What Ig plays a role in allergies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells make histamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common sources of allergens from inhaled materials? |
|
Definition
1) plant polens
2) dander of domesticated animals
3) mold spores
4) Feces of very small animals (house dust mites) |
|
|
Term
| What are some common sources of allergens from injected materials? |
|
Definition
1) Insect venoms
2) Vaccines
3) Drugs
4) Therapeutic proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are some common sources of allergens from ingested materials? |
|
Definition
1) food
2) orally administered drgus |
|
|
Term
| What are some common sources of allergens from contacted materials? |
|
Definition
1) Plant leaves
2) Industrial products made from plants
3) Synthetic chemicals in industrial products
4) Metals |
|
|
Term
Immunized individual acquires immunity to
specific antigen. |
|
Definition
| Active immunity, active immunization |
|
|
Term
Transfer of preformed antibodies providing
temporary protection (passive immunity). Individual
does not acquire memory to specific antigen.
e.g. -antitoxins for venoms, toxins
-maternal immunity (IgA through breast feeding,
IgG crossing placental barrier) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What means your prone to developing allergies due to IgE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a small molecule that is not immunogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the T cell accessory molecules? |
|
Definition
1) CD3 (Signal transduction by the TCR complex)
2) Zeta (ζ) chain (Signal transduction by the TCR complex)
3) CD4 (Signal transduction)
4) CD8 (Signal transduction)
5) CD28 (Signal transduction-co-stimulation)
6) LFA-1 (Adhesion) |
|
|
Term
What is the function of CD3?
What does it bind to?
And where is the ligand found? |
|
Definition
Signal transduction by the TCR complex
-None |
|
|
Term
What is the function of ζ?
What does it bind to?
And where is the ligand found? |
|
Definition
Signal transduction by the TCR complex
-None |
|
|
Term
What is the function of CD4?
What does it bind to?
And where is the ligand found? |
|
Definition
Signal transduction
-MHC class II
-APCs |
|
|
Term
What is the function of CD8?
What does it bind to?
And where is the ligand found? |
|
Definition
Signal transduction
-MHC class I
-APCs; CTL target cells |
|
|
Term
What is the function of CD28?
What does it bind to?
And where is the ligand found? |
|
Definition
Signal transduction (co-stimulation)
-B7
-APCs |
|
|
Term
What is the function of LFA-1?
What does it bind to?
And where is the ligand found? |
|
Definition
Adhesion
-ICAM-1
-APCs; endothelium |
|
|
Term
| What is a non-specific activator of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does MHC class II get its antigen? |
|
Definition
| Endocytosis of extracellular protein |
|
|
Term
| How does MHC class I get its antigen? |
|
Definition
| It gets it from cytostolic protein which is degraded by PROTEOSOME and then TAP moves the peptode in the cytosol into the Er so it can be added to MHC I |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the binding groove of MHC class I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the binding groove of MHC class II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What toxins bind to MHC class II molecules and stimulate T cells via the T cell receptor?
-Can have cytokine storm or shock resulting from it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of super antigens? |
|
Definition
-Staphylococcal enterotoxins
-Staphylococcal TSST-1 toxin |
|
|
Term
| T cells enter lymph nodes via? |
|
Definition
| HEV (High endothelial venules) |
|
|
Term
| T cells do what in the lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| Monitor antigen presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells. Then if they do not encounter a specific antigen, they leave the lymph node. If they do encounter a specific antigen, they proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. |
|
|
Term
| What chromosome is HLA found? |
|
Definition
| Chromosome 6- Human Leukocyte Antigens |
|
|
Term
| What means each allele is expressed in the heterozygote, regardless of the identity of the allele on the other chromosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What tissues or cells highly express MHC class I?
And which ones slightly express MHC class I? |
|
Definition
- T cells, B cells, Macrophages, Dendritc cells, Neutrophils
-Thymic epithelium, liver hepatocytes, kidney epithelium, and the Brain |
|
|
Term
What tissues or cells highly express MHC class II?
And which ones slightly express MHC class II? |
|
Definition
-B cells, Dendritic cell, thymic epithelium (Macrophages not quite as high as these, but not low)
-T cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the Mixed lymphocyte reaction measure? |
|
Definition
1) T cell proliferation
2) T cell cytotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the granules in neutrophils? |
|
Definition
1) Acid hydrolases
2) Beta glucoronidase
3) Acid proteinase
4) Elastase
5) Myeloperoxidase (only 50% of people have,redundant)
6) Defensins
7) Lysozyme |
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal pH for neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are neutrophils important for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Much of the driving force in attracting neutrophils is through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils can migrate in which direction through epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neutrophil contains a complex called the ________that transports electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are toxic oxygen intermediates? |
|
Definition
Hypochlorous acid
Superoxide anion
Singlet oxygen
Hydroxyl radical |
|
|
Term
| In parallel with the oxidative burst, neutrophils release granule contents which releases a number of acid compounds that can attack microbes or deprive them of essential nutrients. This is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils have a short life span and therefore one might question how good they are at killing. So what do they do? |
|
Definition
| they leave a indelible mark on host defenses when they die by forming NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps). These are composed of DNA and histones and they have the capacity to bind and kill microbes |
|
|
Term
| What are the effector functions of IgG? |
|
Definition
1) Neutralization of microbes and toxins
2) Opsonization of antigens for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils
3) Activation of the classical pathway of complement
4) Anti-body dependent cellular toxicity mediated by NK cells
5) Neonatal immunity: transfer of maternal antibody across placenta
6) Feedback inhibition of B cell activation |
|
|
Term
| What are the effector functions of IgM? |
|
Definition
| 1) Activation of the classical pathway of complement |
|
|
Term
| What are the effector functions of IgA? |
|
Definition
| 1) Mucosal immunity: secretion of IgA into lumens of GI and respiratory tracts, neutralization of microbes and toxins |
|
|
Term
| What are the effector functions of IgE? |
|
Definition
1) Defense against helminths
2) Mast cell degranulation (immediate hypersensitivity reactions) |
|
|
Term
| Production of chemotactic factors which attract neutrophils in Type III hypersensitive rxns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is important in production of anaphylatoxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What requires T-cell help for antibody response? |
|
Definition
| Thymus-dependent antigens |
|
|
Term
| What activates B cells directly w/o T cell help |
|
Definition
| Thymus-independent antigens |
|
|
Term
What is this an example of T-dependent or independent?
Certain antigens containing repeating epitopes that can cross-link the Ig receptors on B-cells. e.g. repeating polysaccharide epitopes found on the capsules of bacteria (pneumococcal vaccine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is different about the T-indepenent Ag secondary response? |
|
Definition
| Not different from the primary response (still IgM and not bigger or longer) |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of T-dependent antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical nature of T-independent antigens? |
|
Definition
| Polymeric antigens, eso. polysaccharides and glycolipids, nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| Is there isotype switching in T-dependent antigens? |
|
Definition
| Yes from IgM to IgG, IgE and IgA |
|
|
Term
| Is there isotype switching in T-independent antigens? |
|
Definition
| Little or none; maybe some IgG (almost all IgM |
|
|
Term
| Is there affinity maturation in T-dependent antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there affinity maturation in T-independent antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a Secondary response (memory B cells) in T-dependent antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a Secondary response (memory B cells) in T-independent antigens? |
|
Definition
| Seen only with some antigens |
|
|
Term
What is this an example of T-dependent or independent?
Antibody response in absence of cognate T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is this an example of T-dependent or independent?
Antibody production in congenital athymic individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is this called...each T cell is specific for peptide epitope and specific MHC allele? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does antigen go when it is in the tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does antigen go when it is in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does antigen go when it is in the mucosa? |
|
Definition
| MALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue, eg Peyer's patches) |
|
|
Term
| What cells are good at bringing antigen to secondary lymphoid organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An activated Th cell will express what to help activate B cells? |
|
Definition
| CD40L, also T cell will excrete cytokines to activate B cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 keys to B cell activation? |
|
Definition
-Ag recognition (via Ig)
-CD40L expression by activated T helper cell
-cytokine secretion by T cell |
|
|
Term
| What is created by covalently attaching a poor (polysaccharide organism) antigen to a carrier protein (preferably from the same microorganism), thereby conferring the immunological attributes of the carrier on the attached antigen. This technique for the creation of an effective immunogen is most often applied to bacterial polysaccharides for the prevention of invasive bacterial disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 general properties of cytokines? |
|
Definition
1) Produced transiently in response to antigen
2) Usually has autocrine and paracrine effects
3) Pleiotropism: each cytokine has multiple biologic actions
4) Redundancy: multiple cytokines may share the same or similar biologic activties |
|
|
Term
What is the principal action of IL-2?
What is the cellular source? |
|
Definition
-Survival, proliferation, and differentiation of effector and regulatory T cells
-CD4+ and CD8+ T cells |
|
|
Term
What is the principal action of IL-4?
What is the cellular source? |
|
Definition
-B cell switching to IgE
-CD4+T cells and mast cells |
|
|
Term
What is the principal action of IL-5?
What is the cellular source? |
|
Definition
-Activation of eosinophils
-CD4+T cells and mast cells |
|
|
Term
What is the principal action of IFN-γ?
What is the cellular source? |
|
Definition
-Activation of macrophages (suppresses Th2 induction)
-CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells |
|
|
Term
What is the principal action of TGF-ß?
What is the cellular source? |
|
Definition
-Inhibition of T cell activation; differentiation of regulatory T cells
-CD4+ regulatory T cells; many other cells |
|
|
Term
What blocks activation of transcription factor
necessary for activation of IL-2 gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the principal cytokine produced by Th1? |
|
Definition
| IFN-γ; host defense agaisnt intracellular microbes; inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is the principal cytokine produced by Th2? |
|
Definition
| Il-4,5, 13; host defense against helminths; allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the principal cytokine produced by Th17? |
|
Definition
| IL-17, 22; host defense against some bacteria and fungi; inflammatory disorders |
|
|
Term
| What cytokines promotes Th1 bias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokine is made by Th2 cell and suppresses Th1 induction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What seems to play role in Inflammatory diseases? (Pro-inflammatory cytokine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activated T cells need to home back to the original site of infection (inflammation) via changes in? |
|
Definition
| expression patterns of selectins/ integrins |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages activated by IFN-γ do what? |
|
Definition
| Kill phagocytosed microbes |
|
|
Term
| What cytokine is chemotactic for nuetrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once the CTL is activated what happens? |
|
Definition
- CTL granules exocytose
-Granzymes enter cell via receptor mediated endocytosis, and enter cytoplasm via perforin-dependent mech
-Apoptosis of target cell |
|
|
Term
T or F
Preventative suppression is more effective than treating the activated response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F
Secondary immune responses are more effectively suppressed than primary responses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do modulating agents effect all immune responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major drawbacks of Immunosupression? |
|
Definition
-Suppression increases the risks for infections;
-The resurgence of previously controlled infections;
-Cytokine release syndrome (CRS),
-Antibody-injection site lymphomas or related malignancies |
|
|
Term
| What are the major drug classes for Immunosuppression? |
|
Definition
1) Cytotoxic agents
2) Antimetabolites
3) Antibiotics
4) Corticosteroids
5) Immunologic agents |
|
|
Term
| What is most responsible for increasing survival of organ transplant pts? |
|
Definition
Immunosuppressive antibiotics—non-cytotoxic agents
-CsA
-Sirolimus
-Tacrolimus |
|
|
Term
| What type of hypersensitivity is Type I? |
|
Definition
| Immediate hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| What type of hypersensitivity is Type II? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies bound to cells or tissues |
|
|
Term
| What type of hypersensitivity is Type III? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hypersensitivity is Type IV? |
|
Definition
| Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) |
|
|
Term
| Which hypersensitivities are Ab-mediated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypersensitivities are cell mediated (CMI)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathologic immune mechanism in Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I)? |
|
Definition
-Th2 cells
-IgE antibody
-mast cells
-eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of tissue injury and disease in Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I)? |
|
Definition
-Mast cell-derived mediators (vasoactive amines, lipid mediators, cytokines)
-Cytokine-mediated inflammation (eosinophils, neutrophils) |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathologic immune mechanism in Antibody- Mediated diseases (Type II)? |
|
Definition
| IgM, IgG antibodies against cell surface or extracellular matrix antigens |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of tissue injury and disease in Antibody- Mediated diseases (Type II)? |
|
Definition
-Complement and Fc receptor-mediated recruitment and activation of leukocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) and activation of inflammatory cells
-Opsonization and phagocytosis of cells
-Abnormalities in cellular function, e.g. hormone receptor signaling |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathologic immune mechanism in Immune Complex Mediated diseases (Type III)? |
|
Definition
| Immune complexes of circulating antigens and IgM or IgG antibodies deposited in vascular basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of tissue injury and disease in Immune Complex Mediated diseases (Type III)? |
|
Definition
| Complement and Fc receptor-mediated recruitment and activation of leukocytes and activation of inflammatory cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathologic immune mechanism in T cell-mediated diseases (Type IV)? |
|
Definition
1. CD4+ T cells (delayed type hypersensitivity)
2. CD8+ CTLs (T cell-mediated cytolysis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of tissue injury and disease in T cell-mediated diseases (Type IV)? |
|
Definition
1. Macrophage activation, cytokine-mediated inflammation
2. Direct target cell lysis, cytokine-mediated inflammation |
|
|
Term
| In the second exposure to an allergen what two reactions happen and what is involved? |
|
Definition
1) Immediate hypersensitivity reaction (minutes after repeat exposure to allergen)- vasoactive amines, lipid mediators
2) Late phase reaction (6-24 hours after repeat exposure to allergen)- Cytokines |
|
|
Term
| What means prone to developing allergies due to IgE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the allergy immediate reaction, what comes from granule exocytosis and leads to vascular dilation, smooth muscle contraction and then histamine release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the allergy immediate reaction, what comes from granule exocytosis and leads to tissue damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the allergy late phase reaction what comes from enzymatic modification of arachidonic acids and is a secreted lipid mediator that leads to vascular dilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the allergy late phase reaction what comes from enzymatic modification of arachidonic acids and is a secreted lipid mediator that leads to smooth muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the allergy late phase reaction what comes from transcriptional activation of cytokine genes and is secreted to cause inflammation (leukocyte recruitment)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Type of Inflammation is TISSUE SPECIFIC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Type of Inflammation is Immune complex SYSTEMIC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In sensitized persons, immediate (type I) hypersensitivity responses are primarily the result of liberation of vasoactive substances by the action of which of the following? |
|
Definition
| IgE on basophils and mast cells |
|
|
Term
| A healthy 19-year old man receives a tetanus immunization booster prior to induction in the Marines. Six hours later, he has pain and massive swelling at the site of injection. The following day, the skin breaks down, forming an ulcer at the site. Which of the following events plays a critical role in this reaction? |
|
Definition
| Local fixation of complement by preformed circulating antibodies. (Arthus rxn) |
|
|
Term
| What are some keys points about Transplantation? |
|
Definition
-rejection can involve multiple effector mechanisms
-strong rejection is mediated by MHC incompatibilities (major)
-weak (chronic) rejection associated with differences in minor histocompatibility antigens |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clonal deletion in developing central tolerance is what type of selection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is immunological tolerance developed after T and B cells mature and enter the periphery. These include the suppression of autoreactive cells by 'regulatory' T cells and the generation of hyporesponsiveness (anergy) in lymphocytes which encounter antigen in the absence of the co-stimulatory signals that accompany inflammation, or in the presence of co-inhibitory signals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Central tolerance what are the 3 fates of Immature lymphocytes that recognize self antigen? |
|
Definition
1) Apoptosis (deletion)
2) Change in receptors (receptor editing; B cells)
3) Development of regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells only) |
|
|
Term
| Can CD8+ cells become T reg cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does Central Tolerance occur? |
|
Definition
| Generative lymphoid organs (thymus, bone marrow) |
|
|
Term
| Where does Peripheral Tolerance occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Peripheral tolerance what are the 3 fates of Mature lymphocytes that recognize self antigen? |
|
Definition
1) Anergy- No rxn
2) Apoptosis (death) of mature lymphocyte
3) Suppression mediated by T reg cells (CD4+ T cells) |
|
|
Term
| T cell development what are the 4 stages ending in a Double Positive? |
|
Definition
1) Stem Cell
2) Double negative (CD4- and CD8-) Pro-T cell
3) Pre-T cell
4) Double positive (CD4+ and CD8+) immature T cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the four possible paths that a Double Positive Immature T cell can undergo? |
|
Definition
Positive Selection
1) Mature CD4+ T cell (weak recognition of class II MHC + peptide)
2) Mature CD8+ T cell (weak recognition of class I MHC + peptide)
Failure of positive selection ("death by neglect")
3) Apoptosis (No recognition of MHC + peptide)
Negative Selection
4) Apoptosis (Strong recognition of either class I or class II MHC + peptide) |
|
|
Term
| Where would you find DOUBLE-NEGATIVE CD3- thymocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where would yoU find DOUBLE-POSITIVE CD3+ thymocytes undergoing POSITIVE SELECTION? |
|
Definition
| Thymic cortex (Positive selection occurs here) |
|
|
Term
| Where would yoU find DOUBLE-POSITIVE CD3+ thymocytes undergoing NEGATIVE SELECTION? |
|
Definition
| Through the cortex and esp. at the cortico-medullary function |
|
|
Term
| Where do Mature self-restricted, self-tolerant, single-positive CD4 or CD8 T cells leave the thymus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does clonal anergy lack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the co-stimulatory signal? |
|
Definition
| B7 on APC binding to CD28 on the Naive T cell |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory T cells are called and what cytokine stimulates them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T Reg cells release which inhibitory cytokines? |
|
Definition
-IL-10 (Inhibits Th1)
-TGF-ß(transforming growth factor) |
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulatory cytokines for T reg cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulatory cytokines for Th1 cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulatory cytokines for Th2 cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokines do T reg cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokines do Th1 cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when an Immature B cell recognizes self antigen? |
|
Definition
1) Negative selection (apoptosis)
2) Receptor editing: expression of new antigen receptor (Light chain rearrangement replacing the original Variable light chain) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if a Mature B cell recognizes self antigen (peripheral tolerance)? |
|
Definition
1) Anergy: block in antigen receptor-induced signals
2) Exclusion of B cells from lymphoid follicles |
|
|
Term
| What is this called when we amount an immune response to antigen but then there is a cross reaction that causes to have an immune response against self? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The adjuvant causes activation of the immune system,
via... |
|
Definition
“innate” mechanisms involving the macrophage/APC.
The activated Macrophages express co-stimulatory
molecules which contribute to the activation of
the autoreactive T cell |
|
|
Term
| The brain is normally what sort of site in immunology? |
|
Definition
| immune privileged (pertussis toxin can change this and allow peripheral T cells there |
|
|
Term
| Which Th cells are characteristics of many autoimmune disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Amazingly, a “tolerizing” regimen can prevent the
development of MS in these mice, by a “diversion” of the
cytokine response away from Th1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For T cells, there are three major mechanisms for tolerance: |
|
Definition
1) Central (thymic) deletion of autoreactive T cells: TCR repertoire selection
T cells with T Cell Receptors which react too strongly to self proteins are deleted in the thymus. Obviously, central tolerance did not operate in the mice which get MS, since they had autoreactive T cells.
2) “Clonal ignorance”.
T cells could avoid central deletion if their antigen is not expressed in the thymus and sequestered in the periphery such that they never see it. Then, entry of T cells into a “privileged” site would lead to autoimmunity (see above, pertussis)
3) Peripheral tolerance.
CD25+ T “regulatory” cells can control autoreactivity in the periphery
Aberrations in any of these can lead to autoimmunity |
|
|
Term
What are Immune responses
to foreign (eg bacterial) proteins stimulates the immune system to attack self-proteins which are structurally similar to the pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three mechanisms of loss of tolerance |
|
Definition
1) Molecular mimicry- rheumatic fever
2) Defective MHC mediated negative selection, allowing an autoreactive T cell repertoire
3) Defective T regulatory cells, resulting in excessive, “unopposed” peripheral immune activation |
|
|
Term
| Where is histamine normally stored? |
|
Definition
-mast cells
-basophils
-enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells |
|
|
Term
| What is insufficient organ perfusion and oxygen delivery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the antigen does the antibody bind to? |
|
Definition
| Epitope or antigenic determinant |
|
|
Term
| Can an antigen have multiple epitopes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can a molecule have more than one antigens? |
|
Definition
| Yes, eg virus H1N1(two different antigens) |
|
|
Term
| Superantigens activate which T cells? |
|
Definition
-Ones expressing a certain Vb segment
-Bind to MHC class II molecules
-Cause polyclonal T cell activation
-Function as intact proteins, not as peptide fragments |
|
|
Term
| A deficieincy in dectin-1 causes, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does normal flora protect us? |
|
Definition
1) Stops other microorganism from reaching the surface
2) Produces toxins |
|
|
Term
| Is a urine a good growth material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Naive CD4 cells express what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effector and Memory CD4 cells express what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macrophages and neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What induces mast cells to release their mediators in the complement pathway? |
|
Definition
| -anaphylatoxins - C5a, C3a, (C4a weak) |
|
|
Term
| What is a chemotactic (attractor) factor for neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two parts of the complement pathway are part of the Innate immunity? |
|
Definition
| Alternate and Lectin pathway |
|
|
Term
| The central goal of all of the complement pathways is to? |
|
Definition
| put C3 convertase onto the target cell |
|
|
Term
| What does macrophages make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is interesting about TNF? |
|
Definition
| fever inducer (IL-1,6) and it has systemic effects |
|
|
Term
| What type of infection will you see type I IFN secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interferes with viral replication |
|
|
Term
| What receptors go about producing the IFN- alpha and beta response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major histocompatability factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do virus infected cells do to help with NK cell killing? |
|
Definition
-Expresses more NK activating ligands
-Supressess MHC class I(self complex and inhibitory ligand)
also tumors down regulate MHC I |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages release what to activate NK cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NK cells make what to activate macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes that only one of two parental alleles is expressed by a single B cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
