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| type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm |
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| form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information |
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| type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells |
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| virus that infects bacteria |
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| circular DNA molecule found in bacteria |
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| an immunodeficiency disease that causes AIDS. |
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| nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection |
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| What is the body's first line of defense, and how does it work? |
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| The skin. Skin is a barrier against infection. Mucus, saliva, and tears that come from the body through the skin contain lysozyme, an enxyme that breaks down the cell walls of bacteria. Oil and sweat glands also produce an acidic environment that kill many bacteria. |
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| What is the body's second line of defense, and how does it work? |
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| The inflammatory response. When pathogens are detected, the immune system produces millions of white blood cells to fight the infection. Blood vessels near the wound expand, and white blood cells enter the tissues to destroy bacteria. Inflammatory response can also be a fever. |
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| What is the body's third line of defense, and how does it work? |
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| Immune response. B cells provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids, and T cells provide immunity against abnormal cell and pathogens inside living cells. |
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| What are Koch's postulates? |
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Definition
| 1.) The pathogen should be found in all sick organisms and not in healthy ones.
2.) The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in pure culture.
3.) When the cultured pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease that infected the original host.
4.) The injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host. It should be identical to the original pathogen. |
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| substance that triggers an immune response |
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| protein that helps destroy pathogens |
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| a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens |
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| type of white blood cell that produces antibodies that help destroy pathogens |
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| What are the different types of B and T cells? |
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| B cells produce plasma cells and memory B cells. Plasma cells release antibodies, and memory B cells remember the pathogen that entered a body in case the pathogen enters the body again.
T cells divide into killer T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and memory T cells. Killer T cells destroy whatever foreign substance contains the antigen. Helper T cells produce memory T cells, which remember the antigen. Suppressor T cells release substances to shut down the killer T cells. |
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| Where do B and T cells 'work'? |
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Definition
| B cells provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in body fluids, and T cells provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells. |
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| What must all virus structures contain? |
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Definition
| They must have some type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) and a protein (capsid). |
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Definition
| They infect living cells and use those cells to produce more viruses. |
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Definition
| A bacteriophage injects DNA into a bacterium, and the DNA forms a circle inside. The bacteriophage takes over the bacterium's metabolism, causing synthesis of new bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids. The bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids assemble to complete the bacteriophage particles. The bacteriophage enzyme breaks the cell wall and releases new bacteriophage particles to attack more cells. |
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| What is the Lysogentic Cycle? |
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Definition
| A bacteriophage injects DNA into a bacterium, and the DNA forms a circle. The DNA inserts itself into the bacterial chormosome in the cell. The bacteriophage DNA replicates with bacterium for many generations. The the bacteriophage DNA can exit the bacterial chomosome. The bacteriophage then enters the lytic cycle. |
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