Term
| A __________ is an organism, usually a microorganism, capable of producing disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| An __________ is any molecule, usually a protein or large carbohydrate, that is specifically recognized as foreign by cells of the immune system. |
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Definition
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Term
| An __________ is a specific protein (immunoglobulin) that recognizes and binds to specific antigens; produced by plasma cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five types of nonspecific (innate) immune responses? |
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Definition
1) Skin (epithelial surfaces such as lining of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts)
2) Cytokines (chemokines)
3) Complement
4) Phagocytes
5) Inflammation |
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Term
| What are the two types of specific (adaptive) immune responses? |
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Definition
1) Cell-mediated immunity
2) Antibody-mediated immunity |
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Term
| What are the granular white blood cells? |
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Definition
1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils
4) Natural killer cells |
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Term
| What are the agranular white blood cells? |
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Definition
1) Lymphocytes
a) T Lymphocytes
b) B Lymphocytes
2) Monocytes
3) Dendritic cells |
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Term
| Which granular WBC is the principal phagocytic cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granular WBC composes 60-70% of all WBCs making it the most common type of WBC? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granular WBC can phagocytose about 20 bacteria before becoming inactivated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granular WBC possesses a large component of pus, and has granules that contain digestive enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granular WBC is antiparasitic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granular WBC has lysosomes that contain oxidases and peroxidases? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granular WBC functions in detoxifying foreign proteins and other substances? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granular WBC has granules which contain histamine (inflammatory response)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granular WBC participates directly in the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granular WBC elicits an allergic response? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC is the "main warrior" of the immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC is produced in the bone marrow and differentiates in the thymus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC elicits cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC has the subtypes Cytotoxic T cells and Helper T Cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC recognizes and destroys foreign cells? |
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Definition
| 1) T Lymphocytes (Cytotoxic T cells) |
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Term
| Which agranular WBC secretes substances that active or enhance the immune response? |
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Definition
| 1) T Lymphocytes (Helper T cells) |
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Term
| Which agranular WBC is produced and matures in the bone marrow? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC is responsible for antibody mediated immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC composes 5% of the WBC count? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC is important for specific and nonspecific responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC matures into giant scavenger cells called macrophages that ingest and digest bacteria and other pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC patrol the body tissues or stay in one place and do their job? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC as vertebrate macrophages have toll-like receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC is an antigen presenting cell (APC)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC compose 10% of the WBC count? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC plays a role in both specific and nonspecific immune responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC acts against cancer cells, cells infected with a virus, some bacteria, and fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC releases hydrolytic enzymes into the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC release preforins and granzymes to induce apoptosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which agranular WBC processes, transports, and presents antigens to T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of defense doesn't recognize specific antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of defense just responds to all non-self antigens and includes the 1st (skin, mucus, acid) and 2nd line of defense (phagocytes, interferons, complement, inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of defense includes specific mechanisms which are specifically made to combat specific antigens and they require days to mobilize but once active they are extremely effective? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of defense includes the 3rd line of defense (antibody and cell mediated immunity)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which 1st line of defensive mechanism acts as both a mechanical and chemical barrier to microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which 1st line of defensive mechanism secretes sweat, sebum, and saliva which all contain chemicals (defensins) that destroy certain types of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which 1st line of defensive mechanism helps to filter out pathogens inhaled by hairs in the nose or in the mucus of respiratory passageways? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which 1st line of defensive mechanism uses acid secretions and enzymes of the stomach to ingest and destroy pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mucus contains _________ which chemically destroys invaders. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ _________ are cell surface receptors on phagocytes and certain other types of cells that recognize certain common molecular features of classes of pathogens called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). |
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Definition
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Term
| When activated by _________ toll like receptors activate phagocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are regulatory proteins secreted by cells of the immune system; they signal cells to begin their immune function. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are phagocytes associated with neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2nd line of defensive mechanism has more than 20 proteins in plasma and other body fluids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2nd line of defensive mechanism acts to destroy pathogens (coat pathogens; attract WBC; stimulate histamine for inflammation; lyse viruses / bacteria)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2nd line of defensive mechanism is responsible for inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cytokine inhibits viral replication and activates NK cells that have antiviral effects? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cytokine stimulates macrophages to destroy tumor cells and host cells that have been infected with viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cytokine stimulates immune cells to initiate inflammatory response in response to gram negative bacteria and other pathogens? |
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Definition
| 1) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) |
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Term
| What type of cytokine regulates the interaction between WBC, macrophages, and other cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cytokine works with TNF to begin inflammation and fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cytokine stimulates NK cells and T cells to produce Type II Interferon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cytokine attract, activate, and direct the movement of various cells of the immune system and are responsible for mediating the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can cytokines have harmful effects? |
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Definition
| 1) Sometimes, infection by gram-negative bacteria, such as Salmonella typhi, results in the release of large amounts of TNF and other cytokines. This results in a cascade of reactions leading to septic shock, a potentially fatal condition that may involve high fever and malfunction of the circulatory system. Cytokines can than be negative sometimes. |
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Term
| What five factors are necessary for a cell to recognize self vs non-self? |
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Definition
1) Self recognition
2) Self tolerance
3) Antigen / antibody
4) Antigen presenting cell
5) Major histocompatibility complex |
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Term
| What three cells possesses APCs? |
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Definition
1) Macrophages
2) Dendritic cells
3) B cells |
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Term
| All cells except __________ have an MHC. |
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Definition
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Term
| MHC encode __________ that are expressed on the surface of most nucleated cells and they bind with foreign antigens to form a complex which is presented to __________ cells. |
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Definition
1) Glycoproteins
2) Tc cells |
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Term
| Encode glycoproteins expressed primarily on __________ and combine with foreign antigen and present to __________ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Tc cells are also known as:
a. CD4 cells
b. CD8 cells
c. Killer T cells
d. More than one of the above (identify) |
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Definition
1) d. More than one of the above
1a) b. CD8 cells
1b) c. Killer T cells |
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Term
TH cells are also known as:
a. Cytotoxic T cells
b. CD4 cells
c. CD8 cells
d. Killer T cells |
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Definition
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Term
Antibody Structure:
-__________ shaped
-__________ polypeptide chains (2 identical long chains called __________ chain; 2 short chains called __________ chains).
Each chain has...
-__________ __________ - constant region; tail of the Y; interacts with the cells of the immune region.
-__________ __________ - variable region; specific to each antigen; at the arm of Y folds 3 dimensionally. |
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Definition
1) Y
2) 4
3) Heavy
4) Light
5) C region
6) V region |
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Term
| What does Fab stand for and what does Fab do? |
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Definition
| 1) The Fab is the fragment antigen binding region. It is the most important region for binding to antigens (the variable region) |
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Term
| What does Fc stand for and what does it do? |
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Definition
| 1) Fc stands for the fragment cystallizable region which ensures that each antibody generates an appropriate immune response for a given antigen. |
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Term
| In the structure of an antibody, a __________ __________ links the heavy chains. |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody composes 75% of the antibodies in a human? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody interacts with macrophages, to activate complement system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody defends against blood pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody crosses the placenta and protects the fetus and later the new born baby? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody is the 1st antibody in humans for immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody is present in mucus, tears, saliva, and breast milk? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody prevents viruses and bacteria from attaching to epithelial surfaces? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody defends against inhaled or ingested pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody has less than 1% concentration in plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody is on the surface of B cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody helps activate B cells after antigens bind? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody has an even lower concentration in plasma than IgD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody binds to mast cells, which signal histamine release to trigger allergy symptoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of antibody is responsible for an immune response to invading parasitic worms? |
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Definition
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Term
| In immunological memory, the 1st exposure to an antigen evokes a _________ _________ in which antibodies appear in 3-4 days. |
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Definition
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Term
| In immunological memory, the __________ __________ to an antigen needs less antigen to stimulate; causes antibodies to be produced more rapidly and the affinity of the antibodies is higher. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ immunity occurs after pathogens enter the body through natural encounters (a person with measles sneezes on you). |
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Definition
| 1) Naturally induced active |
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ immunity occurs after immunization with a vaccine. |
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Definition
| 1) Artificially induced active |
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ immunity occurs after the transfer of antibodies from mother to the developing baby. |
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Definition
| 1) Naturally induced passive |
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ immunity occurs after injection with gamma globulin. |
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Definition
| 1) Artificially induced passive |
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Term
Cancer:
-__________ __________ cells recognize tumor-specific antigens and tumor-associated antigens.
~__________-__________: unique to cancer cells
~__________-__________: not unique; may be normal cells
-__________ cells and __________ destroy cancer cells.
~__________ inhibit tumor growth
~__________ cells stimulate interferons which have antitumor effects |
|
Definition
1) Human T
2) Tumor-specific
3) Tumor-associated
4) NK
5) Macrophages
6) TNFs
7) Dendritic |
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Term
| __________ is the absence or failure of some component of the immune system. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is an x-linked and autosomal recessive condition which affects both cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity. |
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Definition
| 1) SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome) |
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Term
| __________ __________ occurs when the thymus is reduced or absent |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ cells in mucous membranes are the first cells affected by AIDS. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ cells are the main target of AIDS. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ prolongs the period before AIDS sets in. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ block viral enzyme proteases. |
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Definition
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Term
| 85% of US residents who are of Western European descent are Rh-__________ (they have antigen D) |
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Definition
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Term
| 15% of US residents who are of Western European descent are Rh-__________ (they do not have antigen D) |
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Definition
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Term
| Individuals that are Rh-__________ do not produce antibodies against __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rh-__________ is recessive (dd), Rh-__________ is dominant (DD, Dd). |
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Definition
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Term
Rh Incompatibility
-If woman is Rh-negative and father of child is Rh-positive, fetus could become Rh-__________.
-Fetus RBCs which (may/may not) have antigen D activates the mother's immune system because she (possesses/lacks) antigen D.
-Mother will produce __________ antibodies that will enter the fetal blood and combine with antigen D on the fetal RBCs
-Causes __________
-If __________ is extreme, the fetus can die. |
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Definition
1) Positive
2) May
3) Lacks
4) Anti-D
5) Hemolysis
6) Hemolysis |
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Term
T Lymphocytes include all of the following except:
a. Produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
b. Associated with antibody mediated immunity
c. Are agranular WBCs
d. Produce antibodies |
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Definition
| 1) b. Associated with antibody-mediated immunity |
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Term
Regulatory proteins secreted by cells of the immune system; they signal cells to begin their immune function.
a. Histamine
b. Cytokines
c. Testosterone
d. Complement
e. MHC |
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Definition
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Term
Variable region on the antibody:
a. Is very specific to the antigen
b. Is the same in all antibodies
c. Is where the antigen connects to the antibody
d. Is at the tail region
e. A & C
f. B & D |
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Definition
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Term
| Active immunity artificially induced involves developing memory cells: TRUE or FALSE |
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Definition
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Term
What holds together the four polypeptide chains of the antibody?
a. Disulphide bonds
b. Phosphodiester bonds
c. Bonds of love
d. MHC
e. Complement proteins |
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Definition
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Term
The immunity conferred to a baby by antibodies that cross the placental barrier or are passed in breast milk is called:
a. Natural passive immunity
b. Artificial active immunity
c. Natural active immunity
d. Artificial passive immunity |
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Definition
| 1) c. Natural active immunity |
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Term
What type of cell produces antibodies in large quantities?
a. Plasma B cells
b. Cytotoxic T cells
c. Memory T cells
d. Memory B cells
e. Macrophages
f. APC |
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Definition
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|
Term
Present in mucus, tears, saliva, and breast milk:
a. IgA
b. IgG
c. IgM
d. IgE |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following is not considered 1st line of defense?
a. Acid
b. Mucus
c. Skin
d. Inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the most important Rh factor. |
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Definition
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