Term
| What is the definition of Immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of intrinsic defense systems? |
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Definition
| Innate (non specific), and Adaptive (specific) defense system |
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Term
What is the first line of defense?
Is it Innate or Adaptive? |
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Definition
Intact skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms
It is Innate |
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Term
What is the second line of defense?
Is it innate or Adaptive? |
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Definition
Antimicrobial Proteins (NOT ANTIBODIES),
phagocytes, and other cells
Produces Inflammation
It is innate |
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Term
What is the third line of defense?
Is it innate or adaptive? |
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Definition
mounts attack against particular foreign substances
It is adaptive and therefore specific |
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Term
| Which defense cells are cellular, and which are humoral? |
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Definition
T cells are cellular as they are cell to cell killers
B cells are humoral - anti body molecules work against what is outside cells |
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Term
| What are the types of physical and chemical barriers in the first line of defense? |
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Definition
| Skin, Mucus, the digestive system, and the respiratory system, and saliva and lacrimal fluid of the eye |
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Term
| What properties of skin make it a part of the 1st line of defense? |
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Definition
Keratin - physical barrier; resists bacterial enzymes and toxins, sloughing outer layer
AND
Skin secretions (sebum) are acidic (a ph of 3-5) - this inhibits bacterial growth |
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Term
| What properties of mucus make it a part of the 1st line of defense? |
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Definition
Mucus of the digestive and respiratory pathways trap pathogens
Ex:Mouth, Eurogenital |
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Term
| What properties of the digestive system make it a part of the 1st line of defense? |
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Definition
| Stomach acid kills many bacteria, as do protein digesting enzymes |
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Term
| What properties of the respiratory system make it a part of the 1st line of defense? |
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Definition
Hairs in the nose
Ciliated cells within the upper respiratory tract (trachea, ect)
lined with psuedostratified ciliated epithelium |
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Term
| What properties of saliva and lacrimal fluid make it a part of the 1st line of defense? |
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Definition
| These two have lysozyme - a bacteria destroying enzyme |
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Term
| Do the physical and chemical barriers of the first line of defense always work? |
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Definition
NOPE
things can get through unbroken skin
For example: Hookworm larvae |
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Term
Second line of defense: Cells and chemicals
What are some types of Nonspecific Cellular and Chemical Protection? |
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Definition
Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells
Anti Microbial Proteins
Inflammatory response |
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Term
| How can harmful substances be identified? |
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Definition
| By Surface Carbohydrates unique to infectious organisms |
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Term
| What binds to toll like receptors on macrophages |
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Definition
Surface Carbohydrates unique to infectious organisms
Which then releases chemical messengers called Cytokines causing more defensive cells to come into the area |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers that cause more defensive cells to come into the area |
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Term
What is the primary type of phagocytes?
How do they work? |
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Definition
Primary type are macrophages
They destroy invaders by phagocytosis |
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Term
| Does phagocytes always work? |
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Definition
Nope, things get around
Ex:Leishmaniasis |
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Term
Second line of Defense:
Where do natural killer cells circulate? |
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Definition
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Term
2nd line of defense:
Natural killer cells have a subpopulation of what? |
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Definition
| Large granular lymphocytes |
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Term
2nd Line of defense:
What do natural killer cells do to cancer cells and virus infected cells? |
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Definition
Lyse and kill them
They identify, attach to, and kill cancerous cells by looking for an absence of non self markers |
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Term
2nd line of defense:
Do natural killer cells react specifically or non specifically |
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Definition
| Non specifically - they look for the absence of specific markers |
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Term
| What type of chemicals do natural killer cells secrete? |
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Definition
| Chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response |
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Term
Second line of defense: Antimicrobial proteins
How do they enhance innate defenses? |
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Definition
By attacking microorganisms directly
and hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce |
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Term
Second line of defense:
What are the most important types of antimicrobial proteins? |
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Definition
Inteferons, which block the viruses ability to make copies of itself (does not kill virus)
Complement proteins - direct killing
enhances antibodies
opsonization |
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Term
Second line of defense:
Inflammation
When is the inflammatory response triggered? |
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Definition
| Whenever body tissue is injured |
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Term
Second line of defense:
what does inflammation do? |
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Definition
Prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
(gets rid of dead stuff, pus comes out)
Sets the stage for repair processes |
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Term
| What are signs of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
| Redness, heat, swelling, and pain |
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Term
Second line of defense: Inflammation
What happens after injury |
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Definition
A release of chemical mediators that:
Increase blood flow- causing heat and redness
Attract WBCS and other cells
Cause fluid to move into the area from capillaries-- cause pain and swelling
Neutrophils, macrophages destroy invaders and clean up the area |
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Term
Second line of defense: Fevers
What is a fever a response to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do leukocytes and macrophages secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are high fevers dangerous? |
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Definition
| A fever of 108-110, people can die due to proteins denaturing |
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Term
| Why can moderate fevers actually be beneficial? |
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Definition
The liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms)
An increase in the metabolic rate, which speeds up tissue repair |
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Term
Third line of defense: adaptive (specific defenses)
What characteristics does the third line of defense have? |
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Definition
Its highly specific- identifies/attacks pathogens
Systemic - immunity not restricted to the initial infection site
Memory - able to recognize and more quickly respond to the pathogens it has encountered before |
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Term
| What are two separate but overlapping parts of the adaptive defenses? |
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Definition
Humoral or antibody mediated immunity
AND
Cellular, or cell mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that mobilize the adaptive immune system and provoke an immune response |
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Term
| What are examples of antigens? |
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Definition
| Bacteria, viruses, environmental toxins, parasites (anything non self) |
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Term
| What are the difference between complete antigens and Incomplete antigens (Haptens) |
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Definition
Complete antigens show immunogenicity, and reactivity
Incomplete antigens or haptens are small molecules that show reactivity but are not immunogenic
May cause allergic reactions
Found in poison ivy, dander, some detergents, and cosmetics |
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Term
| What are antigenic Determinants? |
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Definition
| Parts of the outer surface of the antigen that serve s locations where antibodies or activated lymphocytes attach when attacking the antigen |
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Term
Self Antigens: MHC Proteins
What are MHC Proteins? |
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Definition
| Our cells are dotted with protein molecules (self antigens) that are not antigenic to us but are strongly antigenic to others |
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Term
| What marks a cell as self |
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Definition
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Term
self antigens: MHC Proteins
Are MHC Proteins unique to the individual? |
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Definition
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Term
Whats the difference between MHC I
and MHC II proteins? |
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Definition
MHC I proteins are found on all body cells except RBCs
They present fragments of normal self proteins (if they're healthy) and foreign antigen (if infected)
MHC II are found only on APCs (Dendritic cells, B cells, Macrophages)
Present fragments of foreign antigen |
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Term
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Definition
Avoiding immune attack
The worms live in blood vessels and incorporate host MHC in their outer coat to camouflage themselves against attack |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cells in the adaptive immune system? |
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Definition
B lymphocytes B cells
T Lymphocytes T cells
Antigen-Presenting cells (APCS) |
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Term
| What do B lymphocytes do? (B cells) |
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Definition
Oversee humoral immunity
Make antibodies |
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Term
| what do T lymphocytes do? (T Cells) |
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Definition
| non-antibody producing cells that constitute the cell mediated arm of immunity |
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Term
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Definition
They do not respond to specific antigens
Have to be present to tell cells how their target looks like
Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity, macrophages +others |
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Term
| What do immature lymphocytes look like when they're released from bone marrow? |
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Definition
They're essentially identical
They arise from hematopoetic structures |
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Term
| What determines whether a lymphocyte becomes a T cell or B cell |
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Definition
| Where in the body it becomes immunocompetent |
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Term
| where do B cells and T cells mature? |
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Definition
B cells in BONE MARROW
T cells in THYMUS |
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Term
| Immunocompetent B or T cells must show what? |
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Definition
self tolerance
If they can't recognize self they are destroyed |
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Term
| Do b cells or t cells become immunocompetent before or after they encounter antigens they may later attack? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do immunocompetent B or T cells become fully functional antigen activated cells? |
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Definition
| upon binding with their recognized antigen |
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Term
| Where are immunocompetent B or T cells exported? |
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Definition
| To secondary lymphoid tissue as naïve cells where encounters with antigens occur |
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Term
| What type of receptor do immunocompetent t or B cells have |
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Definition
| a unique type of receptor that responds to a distinct antigen |
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Term
| What are APCS major roles in immunity? |
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Definition
To engulf foreign particles
To present fragments of antigens on their own surfaces, to be recognized by t cells |
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Term
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Definition
| dendritic cells, activated b cells, and macrophages |
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Term
what is an antigen challenge?
Where does it take place? |
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Definition
the first encounter between an antigen and a naïve immunocompetent cell
Antibodies produced against antigen challenger
In the spleen or other lymphoid organ |
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Term
| What are autoimmune diseases? |
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Definition
The immune system no longer distinguishes self from non self
Multiple sclerosis, Graves disease/Hashimotos thyroiditis, Rheumatoid arthritis (destruction of joints), Type I diabetes mellitus - immune system is destroying cells that produce insulin, located in the islets of langerhans |
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Term
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Definition
hypersensitivities
the immune system overreacts to antigens and damages self |
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Term
| Whats the difference between immediate allergies and delayed? |
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Definition
Immediate - 'allergy' anaphylactic shock, histamines released
antibody mediated
stimulates mast cells and basophils
Humoral
Delayed - contact dermatitis
cell mediated, poison ivy |
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Term
| what are immunodeficiency's? |
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Definition
cause defects in immunity
can be congenital - born with it
like SCID - severe combined immunodeficiency cannot respond to infectious agent
Or Acquired
Hodgkin's Disease - cancer of lymph nodes and B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of antibodies in the blood |
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Term
| What is the primary immune response like? |
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Definition
Cellular differentiation and proliferation which occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen
Lag period: 3-6 days after antigen challenge
before enough antibodies are produced to fight the infection |
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Term
| What is the secondary immune response like? |
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Definition
Re-exposure to same antigen
shorter lag time 2-3 days and stronger response
may last for years or even a life time |
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Term
| Humoral response secretes |
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Definition
| antibodies which bind to free antigens and mark them for destruction by specific or non specific mechanisms |
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Term
| Clones from the humoral response that do not become plasma cells |
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Definition
| become memory cells that can mount an immediate response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen |
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Term
| Differences in active and passive immunity |
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Definition
| Differences in antibody source and degree of protection |
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Term
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Definition
B Cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
Memory clones are formed |
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Term
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Definition
B cells are not challenged by antigens
Immunological memory does not occur
protection ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body |
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Term
there are two types of immunity:
Acquired and artificially acquired |
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Definition
Active acquired: infection, contact w/ pathogen
Passive antibodies to fetus via placenta or breast milk
Artificially acquired active:
Vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens
Passive artificially acquired: injection of immune serum: gammaglobulin |
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Term
| how many classes of immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells in response to an antigen |
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Term
| what are antibodies capable of? |
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Definition
| binding specifically with that antigen |
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Term
| How many different type of antibodies do plasma cells make? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do antibodies destroy antigens? |
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Definition
| No they target and label it for destruction |
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Term
| What are the mechanisms of antibody action? |
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Definition
PLAN
Preciptation - antibodies stick to target, forming clumps, stick to each other too
Lyses
Agglutination
Dealing with whole cells
Neutralization - dangerous parts of bacterial toxin molecules are masked
Opsinisation soluable antibodies making clumps - making phagocytosis easier |
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Term
Cell mediated immune response;
Antibodies are useless against what? |
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Definition
Intracellular antigens, so cell mediated immunity is needed, can only deal with antigens outside the cell
By T cells cell to cell killing |
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Term
Cell mediated immune response;
Antibodies are useless against what? |
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Definition
Intracellular antigens, so cell mediated immunity is needed, can only deal with antigens outside the cell
By T cells cell to cell killing |
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Term
| What are the two major populations of t cells that mediate cellular immunity? |
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Definition
Helper T cells (T H, CD4)
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc, CD8) |
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Term
| T cells can only recognize process fragments of antigens after... |
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Definition
| They're presented with their target by APCS and other cells |
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Term
| T cells are best suited for |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cells infected with viruses
bacteria
intracellular parasites
abnormal or cancerous cells
cells of infused or transplanted foreign tissue |
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Term
| Antigen recognition provides the key for the |
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Definition
| immune system to recognize the presence of intracellular microorganisms |
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Term
| MHC proteins are ignored by T cells IF |
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Definition
| they are complexed with self protein fragments - i.e when cells are healthy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cell and what type of APC |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Th cells and APC, B cells |
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Term
| Only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cells circulate throughout the body in search of |
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Definition
| body cells that display the antigen to which they have been sensitized |
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Term
| What are the targets of cytotoxic T cells |
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Definition
virus infected cells
cells within intracellular bacteria or parasites
cancer cells
foreign cells from blood transfusions or transplants |
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Term
| Example of Tc Reaction and memory |
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Definition
Tuberculin PPD test
Cell mediated response
active disease
"memory" of past exposure |
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