Term
|
Definition
| All WBCs originate in bone marrow, some mature there, while others mature and split in other tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to blood stem cells having the potential for more than one outcome (they could become RBCs or any type of WBC). |
|
|
Term
| What cells in the body are capable of identifying other cells as self or non-self? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-specific ingestion and phagocytosis of foreign microorganisms and proteins. Makes up majority of WBCs (55-70%). They have short lives and are usually capable of only one use against an invader since they cannot renew their energy supplies or enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This phrase, also referred to as bandemia, describes a state of lowered immune protection indicated by a shift from a majority of mature neutrophils (named by their nuclear shape as segments) to a majority of immature neutrophils (their nucleus is band shaped, so they are named bands) The stages of neutrophil maturation are displayed from left to right for visual purposes, thus the phrase "left shift" since the neutrophil majority shift from mature to immature. Mature neutrophils (segments or segs) are the only neutrophils capable of phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The WBC process of engulfing and destroying invaders. WBC is exposed to invader, attracts it, attaches to it, recognizes it as foreign, ingests it, digests it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The predecessors of macrophages, most monocytes leave the bone marrow and mature into macrophages in the specific type of tissue they will be working. Monocytes have very limited activity, their main purpose is to mature into macrophages. A typical monocyte count is 3%. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Like neutrophils, they provide non-specific ingestion and phagocytosis of foreign microorganisms and proteins. However, macrophages are often tissue specific, live much longer than neutrophils, renew energy supplies and enzymes, and secrete cytokines (messengers that attract other cells or control inflammation). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1% of WBC count, responsible for manifestations of inflammation. They have granules that contain vasoactive amines (basically chemical messengers that control blood vessels and clotting). Inflammation is just a representation of blood-related changes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-2% of WBC count, act against infestations of parasitic larvae and responsible for limiting inflammation (to maintain balance and prevent damaging inflammation.) High presence during allergic response (because they are needed to limit inflammation). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The state of a person whose different parts and functions of inflammation and immunity are working well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that are recognized as "non-self" by WBCs and can initiate an immune response, usually found on the surface of a foreign cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of immunocompotence? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation, Cell-mediated Immunity (CMI), and Antibody-mediated Immunity (AMI) |
|
|
Term
| T or F: Inflammation occurs only with infection. |
|
Definition
| False. Infection is usually accompanied by inflammation, however, inflammation can occur without infection. (joint sprains, MI, surgical incisions, blister formation, thrombophlebitis). |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during inflammation? |
|
Definition
WBC's recognize invaders, destroy them, send out messengers (chemicals) that:
1. cause many vascular changes (this is where the redness and warmth comes from
2. attract more WBCs
3. stimulate massive WBC production in the bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
| How does the B-lymphocyte cell act in AMI? |
|
Definition
B-lymphocyte cells are sensitive to antigens, and once exposed to an antigen produce antibodies against that antigen only. As soon as a "virgin" B-cell is sensitized to an antigen it divides into:
1. a plasma cell which immediately starts producing antibodies
2. a memory cell which is sensitized to the same antigen but does not function until re-exposed to the antigen. |
|
|
Term
| What cells are involved in antibody mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
AMI, also called humoral immunity, involves:
1. Macrophages that identify the invader as non-self, bind to it and work with
2. Helper T-lymphocyte cells to process antigens and reveal their recognition sites to the
3. B-lymphocyte cells who then dedicate themselves to producing antibodies against the specific antigen for the duration of their existence and prodigy. |
|
|
Term
| How do antibodies fight antigens? |
|
Definition
3 ways: Agglutination, Lysis, Complement System
1. When the antibodies attach themselves to their antigens, they can begin clumping, slowing down the movement of antigens and making them more vulnerable to macrophages and neutrophils. This process is called agglutination.
2. The binding of antibodies to antigens can cause holes in bacteria and virus plasma membranes starting lysis (cell membrane destruction).
3. The Complement Cascade is a process of proteins known as immunoglobins attracting each other in a series that eventually causes cell lysis. IgG and IgM are the two immunoglobins that can activate the complement system. The cascade is triggered by certain classes of antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the clumping action that results from antibodies linking antigens together, forming large and small immune complexes that are slow and more vulnerable to phagocytic WBCs (neutrophils and macrophages). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Complement Cascade is a process of proteins known as immunoglobins attracting each other in a series that eventually causes cell lysis. IgG and IgM are the two immunoglobins that can activate the complement system. The cascade is triggered by certain classes of antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The binding of antibodies to antigens can cause holes in bacteria and virus plasma membranes starting lysis (cell membrane destruction). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any natural protective feature of a person: barriers, attacking forces. Cannot be transferred or developed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity a person's body makes in response to a foreign invader. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigens enter the body and the body responds by producing antigens. (most effective) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies are present but were not created in the body (blood transfusion). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta or to the infant via colostrum or breast milk. |
|
|
Term
| What cells are involved in Cell-mediated immunity? (CMI) |
|
Definition
Lymphocyte stem cells that mature in the secondary lymphoid tissues of the thymus and pericortical areas of lymph nodes:
helper/inducer T-cells
suppressor T-cells
cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells
natural killer (NK) cells
helper/inducer T-cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary action of cell-mediated immunity |
|
Definition
| The production and activity of cytokines. These chemicals control inflammatory and immunity responses. Attract WBCs, affect the nervous system, WBC production, and WBC functions. These chemicals are named more specifically monokines if produced by macrophages, neutrophils, esinophils, or monocytes. They are called lymphokines if produced by T-cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Easily recognize self versus non-self cells.
2. In response to non-self cells release lymphokines (chemical messengers) that enhance the activities of other WBCs. "Call to arms" the other WBCs involved in inflammation and neutralizing antigens/destroying invaders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opposite action of helper t-cells. Inhibits the actions of inflammation and WBC activation. Healthy helper:suppressor ratio is 2:1. |
|
|
Term
| cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells |
|
Definition
| Destroy cells containing a processed antigen's major hisocompatability complex (the identifyer of the antigen). These are typically infected body cells. The cytolytic T-cell recognizes the infection or foreign cell, attaches to it, and injects a lethal dose of enzymes into it. It then releases the cell and moves on to kill more. |
|
|
Term
| Natural Killer cells (NK cells) |
|
Definition
| Function independently of other WBCs to seek and destroy unhealthy or abnormal self cells, especially cancer and virally infected body cells. |
|
|
Term
| Three types of transplant rejection. |
|
Definition
1. Hyperacute: immidiate anti-body mediated response involving massive clotting to transplant that kills the organ.
2. Acute: 1 to 3 weeks after transplant, anti-body mediated response causes vasculitis leading to blood vessel necrosis that kills the organ. In addition, cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells are called to the organ and attack it via lysis.
3. Chronic: blood vessel smooth muscles overgrow and occlude the vessels, donated tissue is replaced with scar tissue and organ is ineffective at least to the percentage of tissue that is replaced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
