Term
| One of the most sophisticated and elaborate organ systems in the body is _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of bacteria - "free-living" |
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Definition
| Borrelia (lyme), Yersinia (plague), strep, anthrax |
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Term
| Viruses - "not free-living" |
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Definition
Invade a host cell (intracellular pathogens)
Use cell's machinery!
E.g. HIV, influenza, rabies, HPV, yellow fever, Ebola |
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Term
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Definition
worms (flukes, tapeworms, nematodes)
Ticks, fleas, bedbugs
protists (malaria, Giardia) |
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Term
| Two types of immunity: Innate (non-specific) |
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Definition
Immunity provides general protection against anything foreign that enters the body (nat bomb approach)
Broad spectrum |
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Term
Two types of immunity: Aquired (specific) immunity
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Definition
Allows the organism to resist a specific pathogen after exposure.
Targeted destruction |
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Term
Primary levels of defense against invaders- 1. Innate (non-specific)
A skin of mucous membranes |
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Definition
A. A skin of mucous membranes (physical barrier)
Also provides chemical defenses-e.g., sweat, which makes the skin very acidic, and antimicrobial proteins
Injurt creates opening
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Term
Primary levels of defense against invaders- 1. innate (non-specific)
Phagocytic cells |
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Definition
B. phagocytic cells- engulf or ingest invaders
White blood cells- (macrophages-big eaters, neutrophils-inflammation, eosinophils- deal with worms)
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Term
Primary levels of defence against invaders- 1. innate (non-specific):
Antimicrobial proteins- |
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Definition
Antimicrobial proteins- the complement system (>30 proteins) complex cascade->proteins that attack invaders
e.g. interferons (alpha and beta) used in treatment of viral infections and cancer |
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Term
Primary levels of defence against invaders- 1. innate (non-specific):
Inflammatory response (localized)
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Definition
Chemical and cellular response to injury ot localized infections
-eliminates source of infection
-promotes wound healing |
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Term
Primary levels of defence against invaders- 1. innate (non-specific):
Natural killer cells
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Definition
Cells that destroy virus-infected cells or other abnormal cells
lyse (break open) the cells instead of engulfing them |
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Term
Natural killer cells and interferons would not respond to an invasion of a ______
-bacterial
-virus
-parasite |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Role od lymphocytes in aquired immunity
B-lymphocytes (B cells)
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Definition
involved in antibody-madiated response in which antibodies are produced.
*mature in bone marrow
*humoral response
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Term
Role od lymphocytes in aquired immunity
T-lymphocytes (T cells)
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Definition
Involved in cell-mediated immunity in which T cells attack foreign cells
*Mature in thymus
-cell mediated response |
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Term
| Antibodies are produced by ____ in reponse to antigens |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibodies remain dormant until needed (clonal selection) |
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Definition
| Millions made by fetal tissue |
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Term
Clonal selection- 2 types of cells
Effector Cells (plasma cells) |
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Definition
*short-lived cells that combat the antigen
*initial defense (primary response)
-2000 antibodies per second |
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Term
Clonal selection- 2 types of cells
Memory Cells (secondary response)
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Definition
*long-lived cells that bind to the same antigen
*can respond rapidly and strongly to the second exposure to the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
*First response to antigen-presenting body cells
*stimulates proliferation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
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Definition
*Identify and destroy infected cells
*Expose pathogen to rest immune system |
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Term
With an intracellular virus
Interferons, Cytotoxic T Cells and helper T cells........ |
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Definition
| Interferons, Cytotoxic T Cells and helper T cells all respond |
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Term
| HIV infects helper T cells |
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Definition
HIV infects helper T cells, which play an important role in the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
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Term
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Definition
| controlling water and ionic balance |
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Term
During excreation,
Keep _____
Rid of _____ |
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Definition
Keep: water, nutrients, vitamins
Rid of: salts nitrogenous waste |
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Term
| A goldfish put in saltwater would.... |
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Definition
| Have a net water loss and the cell would shrink |
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Term
| A saltwater fish put in a lake would.. |
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Definition
| have a net water gain and the cells would swell |
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Term
| In marine environments (hypertonic for most vertebrates) they.... |
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Definition
| drink a lot of water and have concentrated urine with lots of salt and little water |
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Term
| In freshwater environments (hypotonic) they..... |
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Definition
| pee a lot, dilute urine with few salts |
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Term
| In terrestrial environments they... |
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Definition
Desiccation
Conserve water at all costs with skin, exoskeleton, waxy cuticle, shells |
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Term
| Excretion of Nitrogenous wastes |
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Definition
Byproducts of breaking down proteins and amino acids
What you excrete depends on your habitat!
(ammonia, Urea, Uric acid) |
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Term
Different ways to excrete nitrogenous wastes
Ammonia |
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Definition
A very small and toxic molecule (NH3)
Soluble in water, excreted by animals with access to water (dilute), fishes and aquatic insects
Inexpensive to produce |
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Term
Different ways to excrete nitrogenous wastes
Urea
Why would you produce Urea instead (even though it uses a lot of ATP?
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Definition
Urea detoxifies ammonia (CO2 plus ammonia)
Mammals, turtles, adult amphibians
Energentically expensive
Why would you produce Urea instead?
Because producing ammonia is toxic to itself |
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Term
Different ways to excrete nitrogenous wastes
Uric Acid
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Definition
Uric acid (salt snof)
Low toxicity
Insects, birds, reptiles, not soluble in water (semi-solid paste), conserve water!
Most energetically expensive |
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Term
| Kidney and Kidney structure |
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Definition
filters blood, produces urine
Allows life on dry land, keeps 99% of needed material, elimates others
It is metabolically expensive
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Consists of repeating units called nephorons
Tops of nephrons are in the renal cortex
Tubules are in the renal medulla (80 km of tubules) |
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Term
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Definition
| carries urine produced by kidneys to bladder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carries urine our of body |
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Term
Nephron (4 steps)
Nephrons concentrate urine |
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Definition
1. Filtration- filtrate collected from blood
*Glomerulus- a ball of capillaries
*Bowman's capsule-entry into the nephron, water and solutes transferred here from blood (no blood cells)
2. Reabsorption- valuable substances reclaimed
*The loop of Henle
*Descending and ascending 'limbs'
3. Secretion- other substances (toxins, excess ions) moved into waste
4. Excretion- waste leaves system |
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Term
| The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle... |
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Definition
Helps to make the intersititial fluid hypertonic relative to filtrate.
This allows water to be pulled out of filtrate through osmosis |
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Term
| In the ascending/descending loop of Henle most of the sodium chloride is removed from the filtrate (i.e., where is the tubule membrane selectively premeable to salt but not water?) |
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Definition
| The ascending loop of Henle |
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Term
ADH- antidiuretic hormone
Kidneys are flexible
Effects of alcohol?
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Definition
| forgets you need water, pee it out |
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Term
Alcohol is a diuretic (blocks ADH)
What happens in dehydration?
What happens in liver detoxification |
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Definition
-brain shrinks from skull; drymouth
-reduce glycogen (stored glucose)
-muscle fatigue, mental exhaustion
-alcohol with toxins, impurities->more severe
For a hangover AVOID tylenol, it slows rate of detoxification!
Eat eggs, bananas, water, and fruit juices |
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Term
| Nephron's are part of the.... |
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Definition
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Term
Gout- excretory disease
Kidney stones? |
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Definition
accumulation of uric acid, often stored in joints and may cause kidney stones
Usually made of calcium oxalate (80%), but some are of uric acid (5%)
*Genetic, or soda |
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