- B-cell activation utilizes surface IgM to do this in order to be activated through the ITAMs and tyrosine kinase pathways

Clustering (Congregation/Cross-linking)

- these two B-cell co-receptors that bind CR2 are required in order fully activate B cells

CD21, CD19

- this surface co-receptor is phosphorylated in order to bind intracellular signaling molecules

CD19

- T-dependent B cell activation signals come from these three correlated cell/receptors

BCR, B cell co-receptor, CD40/CD40 L

- T-1 antigens are thymus-independent and utilize these signals to activate B cells

bind toll-like receptors (TLRs) - LPS, bacterial DNA

act as mitogens (nonspecific activation)

- T-2 antigens have this characteristic that makes additional signals unneeded

repetitive carbohydrate chains that induce extensive clustering

- Immature Dendritic cells, through maturity and antigen presentation activate CD4 T cells to become these

helper TH2 cells

- these molecules are upregulated following a B cell encounter with a specific antigen to prevent B cell migration from the lymph node

Adhesion molecules & chemokine receptors

- this interaction is between B and T cells specific to the same antigen

cognate interaction

- this is formed between activated B and T cells following CD40/CD40L binding so that cytokines can be transferred

Immunological synapse

- the transcription factor that turns off B cell genes and activates plasma cell differentiation following migration to the medullary cords

BLIMP-1

- after binding immune complexes (antigen with complement) these cells can retain them for months or years on their surface

Follicular Dendritic Cells

- affinity maturation is driven by these cells in the germinal center

Centrocytes

- patients that lack CD40L suffer from this

Hyper-IgM syndrome

- IL-10 is the primary helper T cell cytokine that promotes formation of these cells

plasma cells

- memory B cell production is stimulated by this cytokine

IL-4

- babies are particularly vulnerable during this time period due to loss of new mother antibodies and decreased production of their own

3-6 months of age

tetanus and dihptheria vaccines utilize these molecules

Toxoids (modified toxins)

- C4 deficiency is associated with many immunodeficient diseases (examples)

C4a (lupus), C4b (lowered resistance)

CR1 (complement receptor 1 bind C3b)

- NK ells recognize and kill cells coated with IgG1 or IgG3 by this

ADCC (antigen-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

- this antibody type has a different Fc receptor family than the others

IgA