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heirachal description of the universe into four basic categories
Holy, Animal, Plant, Mineral, the latter three extend into linaen classification kingdoms |
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German Physiologist and Anthropologist most noted for his classification of the human species into five races, bases on characteristics of 60 craniums:
1: Caucasian
2: Mongoloid
3: Ethiopian
4: American
5: Malay
Blumenbach's classification system and the scientific concept of human races was widely accepted for about two hundred years, but in the late twentieth century, Homo sapiens came to be seen as monotypic, i.e. not being divisible into races or subspecies.
Also can be considered as untrue because the Spaniards had been defeated by the moors, and their blood was tainted - The Black Legend - Spaniards are aggressive and bloodthirsty due to their black blood.
Also the Egyptians are "black" but are successful so not considered black |
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| Believed in a racial superiority, and that aryan blood was the gatekeeper of civilization, namely that the degree of aryan blood was related to the success of a civilization. |
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| With the coming of Darwin and his evolutionary theory, able to see how changes in organisms was possible |
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Through a literal re-creation of the family of Man through Noah, Noah's three sons, Ham, Shem and Japheth were said to be the progenitors of the Black, Red and White races respectively. he Whites' success at subjugating the African, the descendent of Ham, prompted the explanation that the African was thus "divinely suited" for slave labor, and thus strengtened even further their conviction that the theory was correct, since Scripture states that only Ham, and not Shem, would be subject to Japheth. The result of these theories was to create the belief that though the African was literally a brother in terms of common lineage to Noah, he nevertheless possessed an innate and divinely appointed inferiority.
The "curse of Ham" has been used by some members of Abrahamic religions to justify racism and the enslavement of people of African ancestry, who were thought to be descendants of Ham (often called Hamites), either through Canaan or his older brothers. Ham was seen drunk so noah cursed his sons. |
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| Transnational Diasporic Model |
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| This model represents the idea that one would immigrate to the United States but would still maintain ties with the country of origin. Ex. Maintaining technological ties with relatives, phone etc. Also maintaining cultural ties as well. |
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| Panethnic/Racial Constructionist Model |
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| Definition of how all racial and ethnic ties are lost under one umbrella term. Ie. no longer the Masai/Congo/Ethiopian, but rather as black. Your race and your identity change as the political atmosphere changes. Ex. "How the Irish Became One" Race is therefore a social construct |
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| An ideology regimes from U.S/South Africa/Israel that works as a democracy for the dominant race and is tyrannical for the subordinate race |
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| Based on the same principles where in the democracy, the dominant race usually was the landholding race, but the value changed when whites were losing their land, but the one thing that they could not lose was their whiteness. Advantage was the it reassured whites when downward social mobility was a fear "you might lose everything but not your whiteness". |
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| Contradicted the previous racial hierarchies because it classified all humans under: Animalia/Chordata/Mamalia/Primata/Hominidae/Homo/Sapiens |
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| Native American Variation |
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| Many language variations as well as social and physical variations existed amongst the native americans but they underwent the same pan ethnic process as the scottish did when they became white. By the late 1800's, "Save the Indian" movement was underway, presented the idea that Indians were small helpless children, eventually the "hair was cut, corsets were tied, and language families died" |
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| The idea of distinguishing between people born in the United States and those born in other countries. |
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1) Thomas Jefferson - Republicanism - A form of government that states that a man should enjoy the fruits of his own labor, and that government should only be implemented when personal liberties were jeopardized, central tenet being liberty.
2) Alexander Hamilton - Expansionism.
Ideas of Republicanism contradicted expansionism, although expansionism was deemed necessary. How to maintain freedom and liberty while promoting expansionism...Manifest Destiny |
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"America's Floor should be hemispherical, a union of many republics exercise our right of manifest Destiny given by God as our experiment of liberty"
Republicanism+Westward expansion = Manifest destiny |
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| Taxed people of foreign descent a flat 20 dollar fee necessary to mine for gold during the gold rush. Aimed mainly at asians, and dienfranchised the people who had been working the land for years but not born in the united states. |
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| Military intervention- Political transferrance of sovereignty- complete economic and cultural domination |
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| All of the same as colonialism without the formal transfer of sovereignty. Example - we did not formally occupy cuba, however wealthy americans invested in cuba to prepare for the imperialism of the united states |
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| Idea that if one holds even the smallest fraction of sub-saharan blood, unless there is an alternative non-white ansectry, they must be considered black. This rule was present in almost every state by 1925. |
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| The Gentleman's Agreement of 1907 |
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The immediate cause of the Agreement was anti-Japanese racism in California, which had become increasingly xenophobic after the Japanese victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. On 11 October 1906, the San Francisco, California Board of Education had passed a regulation whereby children of Japanese descent would be required to attend racially segregated separate schools. At the time, Japanese immigrants made up approximately 1% of the population of California; many of them had come under the treaty in 1894 which had assured free immigration from Japan.
In the Agreement, Japan agreed not to issue passports for Japanese citizens wishing to work in the continental United States, thus effectively eliminating new Japanese immigration to America. In exchange, the United States agreed to accept the presence of Japanese immigrants already residing in America, and to permit the immigration of wives, children and parents, and to avoid legal discrimination against Japanese children in California schools. |
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| Filipinos usually refer to themselves informally as Pinoy (feminine: Pinay), which is formed by taking the last four letters of the word 'Pilipino' and adding the diminutive suffix -y. The word was coined by expatriate Filipino Americans during the 1920s and was later adopted by Filipinos in the Philippines. |
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| Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 |
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| Filipinos, under the Hoover administration were pressured to go back to the Filipines, by offering them free passage back to the filipines. However this act was deemed unconstitutional in 1940. In 1965 American men (namely military men) were allowed to bring their filipino wives and children back to the u.s |
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| Pre 1848/Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| In 1821 mexican president invited american investors to mexico, causes massive land reforms, peasant land turns to haciendas which leads to us agribusniess |
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| Mexican American War 1946-48 until 20th century |
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| Mexican immigration in its infancy. Borders were vague. Whites came to cal. for gold rush/homestead act (gave free land if stayed on for 5 years and house built) which included whites/chinese/indias but ignored the mexican land grants. Destroyed semi-fuedal mexican economy. |
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| Mexican Revolution of 1910 |
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| Rapid increase in immigration, started moving into agricultural positions previously held by chin/jap/filp. generation did not intend to stay, children learned english in segregated schools. wwI cause increase in labor demands. Congress established a border control in 1917. Re-patriated because although they were considered aliens and has said rights, still could be drafted so went back to mexico. Red scare also led to increase in laborer inspection which led them to go back to mexico. |
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| Depression Years and repatriation |
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1929- LULAC (league of united latin american citizens). Increase in deportation due to a drop in economic opportunity. Largest repatriation occurred 1929-1934. (height in 29-31). Labor movements existed in the 30s that directly and indirectly excluded mexicans. LULAC did not side with immigrants due to increasing pressure.
Namely the wagner act which only allowed industrial workers to unionize, left out farmworkers. |
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| wwII era for mexican immigrants |
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| 2nd generation americans were stil not given full status under the law. Mendez v Westminster was step towards equality which desegregated mexicans in schools in 1946 |
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| 1942-64, which during the course of this time 600,000 ag workers and 45,000 industrial workers were imported and then exported. Theory starting in 1917 was get in get out get in get out. |
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| Mexicans in 1950's civil rights/communism |
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| Burt corona was an activist accused of antiamericanism. Americans of Mexican Descent avoiding identity, and LULAC not standing up for them |
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| 1960s-70s farm labor movement vs. agribusiness |
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| Cesar Chavez, American born mexicans are pitted against immigrants, Industry soliciting mexicans as scabs. Again with the get in/get out policies. |
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| 1980's. Drugs diplomacy, pan ethnic transformation |
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| Revolutions on the news, find out the the united states is supporting dictator regimes in south/latin america. Drug wars stimulate violent border patrol which leads to militia men. |
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| was a 1994 ballot initiative designed to deny illegal immigrants social services, health care, and public education. It was introduced by assemblyman Dick Mountjoy (Republican from Monrovia, California) as the Save Our State initiative. A number of other organizations were involved in bringing it to the voters. It passed with 58.8% of the vote[1], but was overturned by a federal court. |
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| Nationwide moratorium on work from mexicans/americans in the u.s Identity trumps citizenship and mexican americans no longer distance themselves from immigrants. |
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| The idea that there is a fundamental divide between the people of the west and the people of the east. Can be traced back to the ancient greek/persian war, justified by the greeks considering themselves people with names and cities, where the persians were a nameless barbarian hoarde. |
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| The white people of this country took the western two/thirds of the us away from the red and brown peoples. Killed as many indians as possible and took the land from the rest, while at the same time recruiting european immigration. |
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| Ellis Island Paradigm/Immigrant Assimilation model |
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| According to the model, the task of these peoples was to become americanized, that is to become facsimilies of english-descended americans. Culture change is the story. escalator model, after three if four generations ultimately make it to the top. Which is to be americanized. |
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| Developed in the 1900s to remake immigrants and racially subject people into persons capable of functioning smoothly in America culturally. |
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| Tydings-McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act; Public Law 73-127) approved on March 24, 1934 was a United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence (from the United States) after a period of ten years. |
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| The Immigration Act of 1924, also known as the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act or the Johnson-Reed Act, is a United States federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, according to the Census of 1890. It excluded immigration to the US of Asian laborers,[1] specifically Chinese immigrants who did not agree to work and Chinese prostitutes[2] and had the effect of preventing Japanese Americans from legally owning land.[3] It superseded the 1921 Emergency Quota Act |
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| Sleepy Lagoon Murder Trial |
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The case arose from the homicide of Jose Diaz, whose body was found at the Sleepy Lagoon reservoir in southeast Los Angeles, California on August 2, 1942. Racial prejudice and press hysteria, primarily in the Herald-Express and The Los Angeles Times, resulted in the arrest of 600 Mexican-American youths in connection to the murder.Twenty-two Chicano youths were indicted on the murder charges and placed on trial. The courtroom was small and during the trial the defendants were not allowed sit near or to communicate with their attorneys. Over defense objection, evidence of gang affiliation was introduced.
Three of the defendants were convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison; nine were convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to five-to-life, five were convicted of assault and released for time served, and five were acquitted |
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| he riots began in the racially charged atmosphere of Los Angeles, where the sailors, soldiers and marines returning from the war had already come into conflict with the local Mexican zoot suiters. On June 3, 1943, a group of servicemen on leave complained that they had been assaulted by a gang of pachucos. In response, they gathered and headed out to downtown and East Los Angeles, which was the center of the Mexican community. Once there, they attacked all the men they found wearing zoot suits, often ripping off the suits and burning them in the streets. In many instances, the police intervened by arresting beaten-up Mexican-American youths for disturbing the peace. |
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| Alvarez vs. Lemongrove school district |
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| On January 5, 1931, Jerome T. Green, principal of the Lemon Grove Grammar School, barred 75 children of Mexican descent from entering his school. It was said that these children caused health and sanitation problems and they came from homes where ignorance and poverty prevailed. Against that backdrop of cultural chauvinism the Lemon Grove School District in California secretly established a separate school for students of Mexican ancestry in the hope of "Americanizing" them. Outraged that their children were being segregated from the Anglo children, the Mexican American community of this San Diego suburb sued the Lemon Grove School Board and won |
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| Felix Longoria was a Hispanic private in the United States Army. Seven months after going to the Philippines for a volunteer mission during World War II, he was killed. His remains were not returned to the United States for some time, and the only funeral home in his hometown of Three Rivers, Texas wouldn't allow him to lay in state there because "the whites would not like it". With the help of the newly formed American GI Forum, Senator Lyndon B Johnson arranged for him to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors. |
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| The most controversial part of the immigration law of 1917 was the section that designated an “Asiatic Barred Zone,” a region that included much of eastern Asia and the Pacific Islands from which people could not immigrate. Previously, only the Chinese had been excluded from admission to the country. |
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| Although Chinese labor contributed to the building of the Transcontinental Railroad in the United States and of the Canadian Pacific Railway in western Canada, Chinese settlement was discouraged after completion of the construction. California's Anti-Coolie Act of 1862 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 contributed to the oppression of Chinese laborers in the United States. |
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