Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
Pituitary adenoma (most likely prolactinoma)
Usually a microadenoma derived from prolactin-producing cells in the adenohypophysis.
Elevated prolactin levels tend to inhibit GnRH, which in turn inhibits LH and FSH, which can lead to amenorrhea in women and a halt in spermatogenesis in men. |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
Acromegaly
Oversecretion of GH usually due to a pituitary adenoma.
Here we can see the sausage like fingers in a person presenting with this disorder. |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
Craniopharyngioma (note the cysts and calcifications)
Most common cause of adenohypopituitism in children. Originates from odentoid cells (tooth precursors).
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
Insulitis of Islet of Langerhan with infiltration of T Cell Lymphocytes.
Autoimmune distruction of B cells, causing an insulin deficiency.
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
Amyloidosis of Islet cells consistent with Type 2 DM.
Common complication of chronic hypertension and high blood sugar. |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| “Severe Renal Hyaline Arteriosclerosis”: Vascular Renal consequence of Chronic often uncontrolled DM |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| MI (subacute) scarring in region that underwent coagulative necrosis secondary to exempli gratia macrovascular changes associated with DM |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| Diffusely hyperplastic thyroid as a consequence of IgG driven hyper stimulation of the gland |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| Adrenal Adenoma: Well encapsulated, yellow/tan appearance, usually less than 30 grams MC Adrenal Cushing’s cause; predilection Females aged 40-60 years |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| Neuroblastoma: Malignant Tumor Post Ganglionic Neurons: N-Myc Oncogene association, Htn, less than 5yo, small cell tumor with Homer Wright Rossettes, overall 40% survival |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis:Named for Hashimoto Hakaru who published: Kojyosen rinpa-setu sho-teki henka ni kansuru kenkyu houkoku or Zur Kenntnis der lymphomatösen Veränderung der Schilddrüse (Struma lymphomatosa) or (Report on lymphomatous goiter)…Hence the eponym |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| A solitary, circumscribed, encapsulated, solid, homogeneous mass is shown in an otherwise normal thyroid lobe. Follicular Adenoma distinguished from follicular carcinoma by capsular and vascular invasion |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
At low power, there is a delicate but complete fibrous pseudocapsule (formed by compression of adjacent tissue) separating the adenoma from adjacent thyroid tissue. Follicular Adenoma
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| Parathyroid gland Hyperplasia to the fourth power…. What type of hyperparathyroidism(s) is/are associated with diffuse glandular hyperplasia. |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| Parathyroid Adenoma: Primary Composition Chief Cells |
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Term
Name the condition represented by this disorder and explain its etiology, pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Definition
| Diffuse enlargement of Thyroid Gland, exempli gratia Grave’s Disease, eponymously named for the Irish surgeon Robert James Graves, also the unaccredited inventor of the second hand on the watch(wiki) |
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Term
In a person with a diagnosed medullay thyroid cancer, what hormone could be elevated?
In a person with Grave's disease, which hormone acting on thyroid gland is affected by negative feedback?
A patient presents with a high blood value of calcium. Which hormone, if found to be elevated, would strongly indicate a parathyroid tumor?
What lab value can be used as a biomarker for thyroid cancer?
Which hormone acts synergistically with PTH when blood levels of calcium are low? |
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Definition
calcitonin
TSH
PTH
thyroglobulin
calcitriol |
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Term
| A 38 year old patient complains of palpitations and a racing heart. Given that this is a problem with the thyroid gland, what is a likely diagnosis? |
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Definition
| Hyperthyroidism MCC is Grave's disease |
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Term
What are the types of familial thyroid cancer?
What gene should be screened for in a particular type of familial thyroid cancer, how can it be treated (both in the patient and pro-actively in gene + family members), and how can we be sure that it has been taken care of?
Which is usually more agressive, familial or non-familial thyroid cancer? |
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Definition
Familial medullary thyroid cancer
Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer (papillary and Hurthe cell carcinomas)
For familial medullary thyroid cancer the RET gene should be screened for (MEN II). Proactively/in response to this mutation, all thyroid tissue should be removed and I131 treatment should be initiated
Familial non-medullary cancer is more agressive than sporadic forms, but is less agressive than both forms of medullary thyroid cancer |
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Term
A 43 year old female has a moderately enlarged thyroid gland. She lives in an area with poor iodine sources from the soil, and does not eat iodized salt. This is most likely a:
What if she presented with neck pain and a history of an upper respiratory tract infection?
What if she presented with a 3cm painless mass isolated to the left lobe of her thyroid gland? (hint: most common!)
What if she had no mass, but presented with hypothyroidism and a high TSH value?
What if she presented with a fine needle biopsy showing cells with "orphani nuclei"?
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Definition
colloid goiter
de quervain's thyroiditis
A follicular adenoma
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Papillary thyroid carcinoma |
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Term
| What is the risk of irradiation of an enlarged thymus in young children? |
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Definition
| Increases the risk of thyroid neoplasms and can increase the risk of extrathyroid expansion of these tumors. |
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Term
| A 76 year old white female is brought into the emergency room in A. fib. She also has CHF. She is noted to be less interested in her surroundings than she was previously. What is a likely diagnosis? |
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Definition
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Term
A mother presents with agalactorrhea after the birth of her first child which was complicated with an excessive hemorrage causing hypovolemic shock. She also experiences tiredness, cold intolerance, irregular menstruation and infrequent bowel movements. What is a probable diagnosis given the nature of the child's birth?
What is the pathology of this disorder?
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Definition
Sheehan's syndrome
Necrosis of the pituitary due to blood loss and necrosis. This is a result of the hypovolemic shock during her childbirth.
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Term
| A man presents with bitemporal hemianopsia and headaches. On imaging it is noted that he also has an enlarged sella. What is the most likely location of this problem? |
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Definition
| Most likely the anterior pituitary (prolactinoma) |
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Term
| What are the complications of acromegaly? |
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Definition
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension- Na+ retention
Heart, liver, kidneys and thryoid are enlarged
Headache
Visual field defects
Arthritis
Kidney failure |
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Term
A middle aged woman's blood tests reveal a low sodium level and a high potassium level. She is also hypertensive. Just from this information, what is a good differential diagnosis?
What if she had hypernatremia and dilute urine?
What if she had hypokalemia instead of hyperkalemia? |
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Definition
Addison's disease (adrenal hypofunction)
Diabetes insipidus
hyperaldosteronism (MCC Conn's syndrome) |
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Term
| A patient treated with radioactive iodine for Grave's disease needs to have what blood level followed over a long period of time to evaluate the dosage of levothyroxine? |
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Definition
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Term
A 25 year old male presents with hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, decreased urine output, elevated serum ACTH, and decreased cortisol levels.
What is his diagnosis?
How does this condition present, and what is the etiology and pathology? |
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Definition
Addison's disease
Weakness
Hypotension
Increased hyperpigmention
Hyponatremia- MC finding
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
Fasting hypoglycemia
Eosinophilia
Lymphocytosis
neutropenia
Most common cause is autoimmune distruction of the adrenals which causes decreased production of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone deficiency, hence the hyperkalemia), decreased production of glucocorticoids (negative feedback on immune function, hence the WBC anomalies. Also, low cortisol accounts for the low blood glucose, weakness and hypotension) and sex hormones. Also, the high resulting amount of ACTH causes the hyperpigmentation due to the up regulation of melanocytes |
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Term
| A female patient presents with elevated blood calcium, decreased serum phosphate, and high PTH. Her renal function is normal. She has a single enlarged parathyroid gland. This is most likely caused by: |
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Definition
| A single parathyroid adenoma (97% of cases) |
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Term
A woman with wildly fluxuating blood pressure is found to have an adrenal tumor. Her labs show hypokalemia, hypernatremia, a aldosterone:ratio of 20:1 and a blood pH of 7.5. This is most likely:
What if she has increased levels of catecholamines in her urine? |
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Definition
an aldosterone producng adrenocortical adenoma (Conn syndrome)
Pheochromocytoma |
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