Term
What is the scientific method and all of its steps? Give examples. |
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Definition
| The scientific method is a series of steps. The steps are observation, question, research, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion. For observation you would observe an experiment. For question you would ask anything that you are confused about. For research you would search up the topic and find out information. For the hypothesis you would guess what you think the object would do. Experiment is when you play around with the object and see what it would do and wouldn't do. So for the conclusion you would collect all of your data and take your hypothesis and if needed change it. So when you are done with all of your data and your hypothesis you will then write what you have learned about this expiriment. |
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Term
What is a controlled experiment? Why is it important? |
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Definition
| A controlled experiment is everything normal but for the one thing that is being tested. |
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Term
| Convert the following into scientific notaton : 3.1 X 10^7 or 3.1 X 10^-7 |
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Definition
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Term
| What are all the basic SI (metric) units for mass, temperature, length, and volume? |
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Definition
Mass unit = grams (g)
Temperature units = Kelvin (K) and Celsius(°C)
Dimensions (Length) unit = meters (m)
Volume units = cubic centimeter (cm^3), liter (L), or millimeter (mm)
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Term
| Know the values and meanings of kilo, hecto, deka, deci, and centi., and milli |
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Definition
10^3 10^2 10^1 10^0 10^-1 10^-2 10^-3
Kilo Hecto Deka Base Deci Centi Milli
K H da B D C M
m
L
g
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Term
| Know the basic tools for measuring mass, temperature, length, volume, and etc. |
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Definition
| Mass tool used to measure mass is the triple beam balance. Temperature you use a thermometer. For length you can use a metric ruler. For volume you use a ruler for regular shaped solids and for other irrehular objects you use graduated cylinders, pipettes, burettes, and flasks. |
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Term
| Convert the following measurements : 2500 mm to dkm, 0.034hg to cg |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the conservation of mass? Why is it important? |
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Definition
The mass of any one element at the beginning of a reaction will equal the mass of that element at the end of the reaction. It is important because conservation of mass tells us that we use elements but the elements are very stable by the conditons by the Earth's surface by how old the element is.
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Term
| In the compound Al2(SO4)3, How many atoms are in the compound? How many Oxygen atoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tell me which of the following are physical or chemical changes : freezing point, density, rusting iron, cooking eggs, burning wood, dissolving salt, and buoyancy. |
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Definition
Physical Changes: density, freezing point
Chemical changes: rusting iron, cooking eggs, burning wood, dissolving salt, and buoyancy |
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Term
| What is always true about density of a substance? |
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Definition
| If the density of water is less dense than 1.0 g/cm3 then the object will float. |
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Term
| Explain the difference between a pure substance and a mixture. (Give the different types of each) |
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Definition
| A pure substance is a sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties. Ex : Water, Elements, Compound, Sodium, and Carbon Dioxide. A mixture is a combination of more than one pure substance that are only physically combined. Ex: Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, Cake Batter, Soil, and Eggs. |
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Term
| What are the parts of a solution? Give examples of each. |
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Definition
The parts of a solution is the solvent and the solute. The solvent is the substance in which the solute dissolves. Solute is the substance that dissolves in the substance. Ex: Salt water. The solute is the salt and the solvent is the water. |
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Term
| What are the ways you can dissolve a solute faster? Give all three and how they change the process. |
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Definition
A way that you can disolve the solute faster is that you can change the temperature, increase the surface area, and stir the solute. If you change the temperature higher then the soulte will dissolve faster. If you increase the surface area ex. if you have a full tablet and crush it then there is less of the product and it will easily dissolve and it will dissolve faster. Last is that you can stir the solute and if you stir the solute then you will break down the solid much more faster. |
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Term
| Know the history up through the modern atomic theory and then tell me the location of the electron, proton, and neutron. |
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Definition
| The protons and neutrons are at the center of the atom. Scientists call the center of the region of the atom the nucleus. The nucleus in an atom is a place where you find protons and neutrons. The electrons are found are always found whizzing around the center in areas called shells or orbitals. Atomic Theory is the theory that is made with tiny little particles and the atoms of each element are effectively identical, but differ from those other elements, and unite to form compounds in fixed proportions. |
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Term
| Know how to find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons off the periodic table. |
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Definition
| To find the number of protons, elctrons, and neutrons on the period ic table. You need to find the atomic number and the atomic weight. The protons and electrons are the atomic number. To find the number of neutrons you first round the atomic weight to the nearest whole number and then subract the atomic weight from the atomic number which is also the protons and electrons. |
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Term
| Be able to compare and contrast elements off the periodic table. |
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Definition
| Sodium is a reactive elements and is not found in nature such as uncombined elements and is combined with other elements such as NaCl. (Alkali Metals) Calcium has two valence electrons and is less reactive but is harder, denser, stronger, and have higher melting points and Calcium combines with other elements to make up compounds. (Alkaline-Earth Metals) Gold is much less reactive than Sodium and Calcium. They can lose electrons to form positive ions. (Transition Metals) Neon is unreactive and does not lose or gain electrons to form ions. Neon is different from Gold because gold can from positive ions by losing elctrons and Neon cannot lose or gain electrons to form ions. Calcium and Sodium can combine elements and both can make compounds. |
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Term
| Know the trends of the periodic table families: alkali metals, alkali earth metals, transition metals, halogens, semiconductors/metalloid, and noble gases. |
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Definition
Alkali Metals - 1st column on the left except for Hydrogen
Alkaline Earth Metals - 2nd column on the left
Transition Metals - Sc atomic number 21 all the way down to Li 103 but not from Boron
Halogens - 2nd column on the right
Semiconductors/metalloid - B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te
Noble Gases - 1st column on the right
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Term
| Why do atoms have no electric charge? Why do ions have a charge? |
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Definition
| Atoms have no electric charge because they have an neutral charge that has positive and negative particles mixed together. Ions have a charge because when you are losing a electron you have a positive charge but two electrons is a negative charge. If you put an negative and positive charge it creates an electric charge when the ions have lost an electron. |
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Term
| Why is a mixture different from a compound? |
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Definition
| A mixture is different from a compound because it is a combination of more than one pure substance and that is only physically combined. A compound is the other pure substance. A compound is made up of two or more atoms that are chemically combined and create a brand new substance. |
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Term
| Elements on the periodic table are organized by what two things? |
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Definition
| It is organized by the atomic number. The two main groups are the metals and the non-metals. The left side of the periodic table is the greatest metallic properties and from the right it is the less metallic properties and in the middle is the transition metals. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is when an ionic bond form from the attractions between such oppositely charged ions. |
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Term
| What are the two types of bonding? Explain the process of each type. Give Examples |
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Definition
They are two types of bonding called Ionic bond
and Covalent bond. Ionic bond is an attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Ex: Lithium and Fluoride. Covalent bond is a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Ex: When two Hydrogen atoms share two electrons. |
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Term
| How many galaxies exist in the universe? |
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Definition
| Approximately 500 billion |
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Term
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Definition
| The distance that light travels in a year. |
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Term
| What are the main differences between the inner and outer planets in our galaxy? |
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Definition
The inner planets are small sized, solid surfaces, varied atmosphere, greter density, known by the ancients, spins slowly, orbit around the sun quickly, few moons, and no rings. The inner planets are Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
The outer planets are huge, have balls of has with no surface, smaller density, similar atmosphere, not known by the ancients, spins quickly, orbit the sun slowly, lots of moons, and has rings. The outer planets are Sun, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. |
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Term
| How are galaxies classified? |
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Definition
Galaxies are classified according to their appearance. The main classification are spiral, ellipicatal, lenticular, and irregular.
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Term
| Draw a picture of a solar and lunar eclipse. Know the placement of the Sun, Moon, and Earth in each. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we have day and night on Earth? Why do we have seasons? |
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Definition
| It is because when the Earth rotates on its axis when the Earth is facing the Sun during the day and the Earth facing the Moon during the night. We have seasons because the Earth rotates on its axis during the whole year to have four seasons. |
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Term
| How will the Sun change as it ages? What could happen to the inner planets? |
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Definition
| The Sun will get brighter and also the temperate increases. The inner planets will completely be destroyed. |
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Term
| Know the main difference between a heliocentric and a geocentric belief? |
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Definition
| Heliocentric belief is that the Earth is the center of the universe. The geocentric model belief is that each planet orbited around a circle called the term epicycle. |
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Term
| Approximately how old is the universe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Big Bang Theory? |
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Definition
| The Big Bang Theory is a theory that the whole entire universe was created by a big explosion. |
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Term
| How long does it take for the Moon to go through its phases? To travel around the Earth? |
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Definition
| It takes roughly 28-29 days to have the Moon to go through all of its phases. To travel around the Earth it takes 27.3 days to orbit around the Earth. |
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Term
| What are Newton's 3 laws of motion? Give an example of each. |
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Definition
Newton's !st Law - An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an outside net force. Ex: A soccer ball stays at rest until someone hits it.
Newton's 2nd Law - The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon it. Ex: A man with a lawnmower who is pushing with a constant force.
Newton's 3rd Law - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Ex: A bird pushes air down while flying. |
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Term
| If an object is at rest, what are its speed, velocity, and acceleration? |
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Definition
| The object won't have a speed or a velocity or an acceleration becuase the object is at rest. |
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Term
| Be able to read and interpret a distance vs. time and a velocity vs. time graph |
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Definition
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Term
| Be able to calculate speed, velocity, distance, time, and acceleration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tell me what the name of the slope on a distance-time graph or velocity-time graph. |
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Definition
| The name of a slope on a distance-time graph is speed and on a velocity-time graph is acceleration. |
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Term
| Tell me what the name of the slope on a distance-time graph or velocity-time graph |
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Definition
| The name of the slope on a distance-time graph is speed and for velocity-time graph is acceleration. |
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Term
| Can you have a negative slope on a graph. Tell me how. |
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Definition
| You can have a negative slope by having the graph go downward by the speed of the car. |
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Term
| Why is a computer more accurate than a person when timing data? |
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Definition
| It is because a computer is programmed to time exactly like a clock does, unlike a human when they can count at different rates. The time could be unaccurate and the whole thing might mess up. |
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Term
An arrow released from an archer's bow travels at a speed of 65 m/s for 22.5 seconds.
How far does the arrow travel? |
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Definition
D = S X T
D = 65 m/s X 22.5 s
D = 1462.5 m |
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Term
A driver is traveling east on a dirt road when she spots a deer in the middle of the road.
She slows her car from 45 m/s to 12 m/s in 7.5 seconds. what is the car's acceleration? |
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Definition
a = vf-vi/t = v triangle/t
45 m/s - 12 m/s / 7.5 s
a = 4.4 m/s^2
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Term
| A piece of tin has a mass of 16.52 g and a volume of 2.26 cm^3. What is the density of the tin? |
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Definition
D = M/V
D = 16.52 g/ 2.26 cm^3
D = 7.31 g/cm^3
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Term
| Find the density if the mass is 250 g and the volume is 15 cm^3. |
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Definition
D = M/V
D = 250 g/15 cm^3
D = 16.6 repeating g/cm^3 |
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Term
| Find the defintion of Matter |
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Definition
| Anything that takes up space and has mass and volume. |
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Term
| Find the definition of Molecule |
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Definition
| A group of atoms bonded together and represents a chemical compound that takes into a chemical reaction. |
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Term
| Find the definiton of Hetergeneous Mixture |
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Definition
| A hetergeneous mixture is a mixture that is not evenly mixed. Also you can see the different parts that are in the mixture. |
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Term
| Find the defintion of Pulsar |
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Definition
| Pular means one of several hundred objects of celestial objects, generally believed to be rapidly rotating neutron stars, that emit pulses of radiation, especially radio waves, with a high degree of regularity. |
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Term
| Find the definition of Solution |
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Definition
| A solution is a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are unifromly dispersed. |
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Term
| Find the defintion of a Solid |
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Definition
| Solid has a rigid structure, has a true shape, not able to be move easily and has volume. |
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Term
| Find the definition of an Atomic Number |
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Definition
| The atomic number iis the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and is the same for all atoms of an element. |
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Term
| Find the definition of an Electron |
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Definition
| An electron is a subatomic particle that has a negative charge and also orbits around the nucleus. |
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Term
| Find the definition of a Chemical Symbol |
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Definition
| A chemical symbol is a notation of one or two letters representing a chemical element. |
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Term
| Find the definition of Speed |
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Definition
| Speed is how fast an object can travel. |
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Term
| Find the definition of a Net Force |
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Definition
| Net Force is whenever there is a net force acting on an object, the object accelerates in the direction of the net force. |
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Term
| Find the definition of Friction |
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Definition
| Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact. |
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Term
| Find the definition of Revolution |
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Definition
| Revolution is when the earth revolves around the Sun. |
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Term
| Find the definition of Heliocentric |
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Definition
| Heliocentric is the Sun as the center of the universe. |
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Term
| Find the definition of an Elliptical |
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Definition
| An elliptical is shaped like an eclipse. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Evaporation |
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Definition
| Evaporation is when a liquid turns into a gas or it becomes a vapor. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Melting Point |
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Definition
| This is when a solid turns into a liquid at it's melting point. |
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Term
| Find the definition of Metal |
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Definition
| A solid material that is shiny, hard, and is malleable. |
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Term
| Find the definition for an Atom |
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Definition
| The smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element. It is also made up of protons and neutrons which combines and make the center of the atom called the nucleus, and orbiting the nucleus is the electrons. |
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Term
| Find the definition for a Compound |
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Definition
| A compound is a mixture of two or more elements. |
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Term
| Find the definition of Homogeneous Mixture |
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Definition
| A homogeneous mixture is a mixture that is well blended and that no diffrent parts are showing. |
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Term
| Find the definition of Supernova |
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Definition
| A star that suddenly expands and in great brightness because of a catastrophic explosion that ejects most of its mass. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Solute |
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Definition
| A solute does the disolving. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Liquid |
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Definition
| A liquid is a constant flow of something like a water, oil, gasoline, etc. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Mass Number |
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Definition
| The whole/total number of neutrons and protons in a nucleus. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Proton |
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Definition
| A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom, the number of protons in the nucleus is the atomic number, which determines the identity of an element. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Periods |
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Definition
| In the periodic table the periods go in a horizontal line. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Velocity |
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Definition
| Velocity is how fast and far an object in a specific direction. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Balanced Forces |
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Definition
| Balanced Forces is when there is an object ex. ball and the forces are either pushing (or pulling) on both sides and the object is staying still because of it and the reason for it is because the pushes/pulls are equally divided and put the same amount of preasure so the ball stays still and dosn't move a muscle. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Perihelion |
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Definition
| The point when a planet, star, or astroid is closet to the sun. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Rotation |
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Definition
| Rotation is when the earth rotates on it's axis. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Geocentric |
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Definition
| This theory was created by Aristotle and he thought that the Earth was the center of the universe. |
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Term
| Find the definition for an Independent Variable |
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Definition
| An Independent Variable is when the experiment is changed like for ex. I put the plant in the sunlight for a few days, then put the plant in a cupboard. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Condensation |
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Definition
| Condensation is when a gas is turned into a liquid. Ex. When you are boiling something like potatoes and you put a lid on. Then you start to see water droplets form on the lid and that is called condensation. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Freezing Point |
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Definition
| The freezing point is when a liquid truns into a solid. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Non Metal |
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Definition
| Non Metals form negative ions. Also is an element that conducts heat and electricity poorly and that does not form positive ions in an electrolytic solution. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Element |
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Definition
| An element is a pure subastance and something that isn't mixed with other elements or things. Also a substance that cannot be separated or broken down. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Pure Substance |
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Definition
| A pure substance is a sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has a definite chemical and physical properties. |
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Term
| Find the definition of a Graduated Cylinder |
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Definition
| A graduated cylinder measures mL to find volume. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Accuracy V.S. Precision |
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Definition
| Accuarcy is used ex. when you are shooting a bow and arrow then you are aiming for the middle of the target and you get it so that is called accuarcy. Precision is the same thing as Accuarcy but just a diffrent word. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Suspension |
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Definition
| A mixture in which particles of a material are more or less evenly dispersed throughout a liquid or gas. |
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Term
| Find the defintion for Red Giant |
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Definition
| A large, redish star late in its life cycle. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Solvent |
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Definition
| Solvent is when a substance which the solute dissolves. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Gas |
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Definition
| A gas is when the particles are spead out far apart from each other and they aren't compressed. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Ions |
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Definition
| Ions are an atom, radicle, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or a positive charge. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Neutron |
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Definition
| A neutron is a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Families |
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Definition
| Familes or groups are in the periodic table and they are vertical and there are 18 groups/families. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Acceleration |
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Definition
| Acceleration is when an object is moving at its top speed, and is traveling in a specific direction. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Unbalanced Forces |
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Definition
| An unbalanced force is when neither side is being pulled/ pushed or one side is being pushed while the other side is being pulled or the other way around. So it's like when there is a ball and it's moving becuase someone must have kicked it and so one side it's being pushed while on the other side it's being pulled and that is called an unbalanced force. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Aphelion |
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Definition
| Aphelion is when a planet is farthest away from the sun. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Parallax |
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Definition
| A parallax is when you look up in the sky and you see stars and on the other side of the earth another person sees it too but the stars are different. Now this is because the Earth is rotating and even though the stars look different they aren't moving at all, it's just the Earth rotating on it's axis. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Retrograde |
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Definition
| Retrograde is when something is moving backwards. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Dependent Variable |
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Definition
| Dependent Variable is when something that is being measured. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Boiling Point |
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Definition
| Boiling Point is when a liquid is turned into a gas. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Density |
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Definition
| Density is when you find mass and volume and then divide them and get density. |
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Term
| Find the definition for Metalloid |
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Definition
| A metalloid is in between metals and solid non-metals. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Aristotle |
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Definition
| Aristotle was writing about his geocentic model. The geocentric model is how the Earth is believed in that time that it was the center of the universe and that the sun, other planets, and even the stars orbited around the earth, but that is entirely false. This is important today becuase if Aristotle never predicted this theory then we wouldn't have looked into it and would have never discovered that the Earth orbits around the sun and then moon orbits around the Earth and the other planets orbit around the Sun. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Newton |
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Definition
| Newton contributed his 3 laws of motion, and his 1st law is an object which is at rest stays at rest unless acted by an outside net force. The 2nd law is the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon it. The 3rd law is For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. These laws are important to today's theories because these laws involve our daily lives by sports when a soccer ball gets hit by a foot unless acted upon and when a lawnmower is pushing enough energy to cut the grass but at a constant force and a plane goes up and down to find the right position. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Mendeleev |
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Definition
| He is the father of the periodic table. He created all the elements on the periodic table. This has helped us today becuase we can now know what is an element and what is a compound and we know what are pure elements and what are non pure elements. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Dalton |
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Definition
| Dalton's theory was that he revised atomic theory. He proposed to say that atoms cannot be divided. All the atoms of one element were all exactly alike, and atoms of diffrent elements could be combined to form a compound. This has helped us today becuase if we also didn't look up this we wouldn't have ever created bombs, which I don't think it's bad. But we did look into it and created bombs and found out that even if you pull/ divide an atom then there will be this great amount of force and will create a small but powerful explotion. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Kepler |
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Definition
| He contributed his first law of planetary motion which is the orbit of a planet around the sun is an ellipse with the Sun's center of mass at one focus. This law is important to today's theories because he discovered that planets make an oval shape which mean that the planets circle around the Sun and that the Sun is in the center and is at one focus. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Eratosthenes |
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Definition
| He discovered the circumference of the earth by the distance between Syene and Alexandria which he measured and the angle of the shadow in Alexandria on the solstice and divided it into 360 degrees of a circle and then multiplied the distance from Syene to Alexandria and calculated the circumference as 25,000 miles but the exact measurement was 24,901 miles about 100 miles difference. It is important because by a 100 miles of a difference he found out the circumference of the earth by angles and it had led other scientists to measure the circumeference of the earth different ways then by a camel. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
JJ Thompson |
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Definition
| JJ Thompson believed that atoms were not indivisible. He studied cathode rats, mysterious rays in a vacuum tube. He also believed that the cathode rays were negatively charged and causes within an atom. This revealed that atoms could be divided into smaller parts. He discovered electrons are negatively charged and his theory is called plum pudding a dessert in his day. It is important to todays theories because not only did he not study atoms but also discovered electrons are negatively charged and he also finded a way with rays to discover about electrons and how atoms can be seperated. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Copernicus |
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Definition
| Copernicus discovered the Heliocentric model which is a theory that the Sun is the center of the universe and the planets orbit around it. It is important to today's theories because he figured out that the sun is the center of the universe and the planets orbit around the Sun and how the Earth rotates. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Rutherford |
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Definition
| He discovered that most of the mass of an atom is in the nucleus. This is important to today's theories because we use it in our everyday lives like posting, weighing objects, and cooking, etc. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Ptolenmy |
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Definition
| Ptolenmy discovered the Geocentric model which is a theory that the Earth is the center of the universe. He is important to today's theories because we looked and see if the Earth is the center of the universe but that is false and that the Sun is the center of the universe. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Bohr |
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Definition
| Niels Bohr created the Bohr Model which states that electrons can only be found in certain energy levels and he also created the Bohr Model which relates to his theory. This is important to today's theories because Bohr's theory of energy levels is still used by scientists today. |
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Term
Explain what each scientist contributed to science and why they were important to today theories?
Galileo |
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Definition
| Galileo discovered the causes of motion around the object. He also made a telescope 20 times view and discovered the moons of Jupiter. It is important to today's theories because he found out causes of motion of objects and made a telescope to look up close to planets and founded out the moons of Jupiter. |
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