Term
| The body uses food energy to: |
|
Definition
| Maintain body temperature, respiration, cardiac output, muscle function, proteins synthesis, storage and metabolism of calories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The relationship between energy use and energy stored
*body proteins are used for energy when calorie intake is insufficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eats milk, cheese, and dairy foods, but avoids meat, fish, poultry, and eggs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eats milk, cheese, dairy foods, and eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eat only foods of plant origin
*some will eat fish as well |
|
|
Term
| Vegans can develop anemia as a result of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is an inadequate amount of the lactase enzyme, which converts lactose into absorbable glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Balance between nutrient requirements and intake |
|
|
Term
| Nutritional status, affected by: |
|
Definition
| Age, gender, disease, infection, and psychological stress |
|
|
Term
| Nutritional status influenced by: |
|
Definition
| Eating behavior, economical factors, emotional stability, disease, drug therapy, and cultural factors |
|
|
Term
| According to the Joint Commission Patient Care Standards, a nutritional screening should occur within how many hours of admission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutritional Assessment: for a patient that is in the hospital for more than one week is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutritional Assessment includes |
|
Definition
Inspection, measured height and weight.
Weight history.
Usual eating habits.
Ability to chew and swallow.
Any recent changes in appetite or food intake |
|
|
Term
| Anthropometric Measurements: |
|
Definition
| Noninvasive methods of evaluating nutritional status. These include height, weight, and assessment of body fat. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most reliable indicator of fluid gain or fluid loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An unintentional weight loss of _______ over a six-month period at any time significantly affects nutritional status and should be evaluated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins – energy malnutrition, also known as, *protein – calorie malnutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Marasmic-Kwashiorkor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A calorie malnutrition in which body fat, improve team are wasted but serum proteins are often preserved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a lack of protein quantity and quality in the presence of adequate calories. Body weight is more normal and serum proteins are low. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a combined protein and energy malnutrition. The problem often presents clinically when metabolic stress is imposed on a chronically starved patient |
|
|
Term
| Outcome of unrecognized or untreated PEM |
|
Definition
| Is often dysfunction or disability and increased morbidity and mortality |
|
|
Term
| With malnutrition, what body functions decrease? |
|
Definition
| Liver, heart, lungs, G.I. tract, and immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inadequate nutrient intake.
Increased nutrient losses.
Increased nutrient requirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle wasting with prolonged malnutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in serum protein – occurs as protein synthesis in the liver decreases. |
|
|
Term
| Malnutrition effects on the liver |
|
Definition
| Hypoproteinemia-decrease in protein synthesis in the liver, causing a decreased in Serum proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Malnutrition effects on the heart |
|
Definition
| Cardiac output diminishes |
|
|
Term
| Malnutrition effects on the lung |
|
Definition
| Vital capacity is reduced as a result of respiratory muscle atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Malnutrition effects on the G.I. system |
|
Definition
| Malabsorption due to atrophy of G.I. mucosa and the loss of intestinal below. |
|
|
Term
| Possible causes of low hemoglobin |
|
Definition
Anemia,Recent hemorrhage, Hemodilution caused by fluid retention.
Secondary to low serum albumin, infection, catabolism, or chronic disease |
|
|
Term
| Possible causes of low hematocrit |
|
Definition
| Anemia, hemorrhage, excessive fluid, renal disease, or cirrhosis. |
|
|
Term
| Possible causes of high hematocrit levels |
|
Definition
| Dehydration or hemoconcentration |
|
|
Term
| Lab values for visceral proteins |
|
Definition
Serum albumin: not the most sensitive proteins study.
Thyroxine: binding pre-albumin(PAB) – more sensitive because short half-life
Serum Transferrin: also more sensitive than albumin |
|
|
Term
Serum albumin:
SI units: 35-50 g/L |
|
Definition
| A plasma protein that reflects the nutritional status of a patient. A few weeks before testing and is therefore not the most sensitive test |
|
|
Term
(PAB) Thyroxine-binding prealbumin
SI units: 150-360 mg/dL |
|
Definition
More sensitive indicator of nutritional deficiency because of its short half-life of two days.
*Can assess improvement in nutrition by increasing 1 mg/dL daily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An iron transport protein. Can be measured directly, or calculated as an indirect measurement of total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
More sensitive than serum albumin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Total lymphocyte count.
In malnutrition – TLC is usually decreased to below 1500/mm3 |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol levels in malnutrition |
|
Definition
Typically below 160 mg/dL
due to malabsorption, liver disease, pernicious anemia, end-stage cancer, or sepsis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medical nutritional supplements |
|
|
Term
| Drugs to stimulate appetite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total parenteral nutrition |
|
|
Term
| Three groups likely to receive TEN |
|
Definition
1.Can eat, but not maintain oral intake
2.Cannot swallow d/t neuromuscular imp.
3.cannot eat d/t critical illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nasoenteric Tube
Nasogastric Tube
Nasoduodenal Tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Low profile gastrostomy device |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrolyte shift can cause cardiovascular, respiratory,and neurologic problems. Primarily as a result of hypophosphatemia. |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of re-feeding syndrome |
|
Definition
| Electrolyte imbalance, shallow respirations, weakness, acute confusion, seizures, and increased bleeding tendency. |
|
|
Term
| ASPEN recommends holding a feeding. If the gastric residual volumes are more than? |
|
Definition
| 200 ML's on two consecutive assessments |
|
|
Term
Osmolarity
normal osmolarity of extracellular fluid ranges between 270 and 300 mOsm |
|
Definition
| Is the amount or concentration of particles dissolved in solution. This concentration exerts a specific osmotic pressure within the solution. |
|
|
Term
| Osmolarity of Enteral feeding products? |
|
Definition
range from :Isotonic= 300mOsm
Extremely Hypertonic= 600mOsm |
|
|
Term
| Two most common electrolyte imbalances associated with enteral nutrition therapy are? |
|
Definition
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia |
|
|
Term
| How does parenteral IVs differ from standard IV therapy? |
|
Definition
| All nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements ) can be given by Parenteral IV therapy. |
|
|
Term
| 1 L of 5% dextrose provides how many K calories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial parenteral nutrition |
|
|
Term
| Two types of commonly used PPN solutions are? |
|
Definition
IVFE's= IV fat (lipid)emulsions
amino acid dextrose solutions.
*IVFE's - are usually given piggyback |
|
|
Term
| For patients receiving IVFE's, monitor for what syndrome? |
|
Definition
Fat overload syndrome.
Manifestations: fever, increased triglycerides, clotting problems, and multisystem organ failure. Discontinue therapy and notify physician immediately. |
|
|
Term
| 3 Types of tube feedings? |
|
Definition
Bolus feeding.
Continuous feeding.
Cyclic feeding |
|
|
Term
| Overfeeding could result in? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal distention and nausea and vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Fluid and electrolyte imbalances caused by malnutrition are related to? |
|
Definition
Fluid shifts related to increased osmolarity – may result in fluid overload or dehydration.
Diarrhea related to delivery and concentration of electrolytes, multiple liquid medications.
Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia related to hyperglycemia induced hyperosmolarity that leads to osmotic diuresis. |
|
|
