Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organic substances and mineral ions containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism, and substances in excess of requirements. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reactions in cells, including respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli)and to make responses |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes that make more of the same kind of organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both |
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Term
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Definition
| an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place |
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Term
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Definition
| respiration, irritability, nutrition, growth, excretion, reproduction - the 6 qualities of living things |
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Term
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Definition
| used to name organisms, consists of genus followed by species, always in italics, first letter of genus always capitalized |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how to identify an amphibian |
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Definition
| moist skin,wide mouth, four limbs with hind legs webbed |
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Term
| How to identify a reptile |
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Definition
| dry scaly skin, cold blood, and they lay eggs |
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Term
| How to identify an annelid |
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Definition
| segmented bodies, chaetae, long cylindrical body |
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Term
| How to identify a nematode |
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Definition
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Term
| How to identify an arachnid |
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Definition
| 2 body sections, 4 pairs of legs, no wings, simple eyes |
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Term
| How to identify a crustacean |
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Definition
| exoskeleton, jointed appendages |
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Term
| How to identify a myriapod |
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Definition
| many legs - millipedes and centipedes |
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Term
| How to identify a mollusc |
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Definition
| hard shell protecting a soft body with no limbs, one foot for movement |
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Term
| How to identify a monocotyledon |
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Definition
| seed has one cotyledon, seedling has one seed leaf, mature leaf has parallel veins |
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Term
| How to identify a dicotyledon |
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Definition
| seed has 2 cotyledons, seedling has 2 seed leaves, mature leaf has branched veins |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist only of genetic material (DNA or RNA) always in a single strand, a protein coat, and spikes or proteins on the surface. |
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Term
| How to identify a bacteria |
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Definition
| single celled organisms with no true nucleus. Have a cell wall. May have plasmids and flagellae. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell wall which contains chitin, form mycelia and hyphae |
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Term
| Important features of a plant cell |
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Definition
| plasma membrane, cell wall containing cellulose, large vacuole, chloroplasts, tends to be regular in shape due to cell walls |
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Term
| Important features of an animal cell |
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Definition
| NO cell wall - plasma membrane only, secretory vesicles, cytoplasm dense with organelles and dissolved substances, nucleus, tend to be irregular in shape |
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Term
| How is the structure of ciliated cells related to their function in the respiratory tract? |
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Definition
| Cilia help to move mucus away from the lungs. |
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Term
| How are root hair cells adapted for their function of absorption? |
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Definition
| long extension increases surface area for the absorption of materials and there are many of them on the roots also to increase surface area |
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Term
| How are xylem vessels adapted for their function of conduction of water and support? |
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Definition
| cell has no cytoplasm allowing water to pass freely, no end wall so that many cells can stack to form a tube, and walls are strengthened with lignin |
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Term
| How are muscle cells adapted for their function of contraction? |
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Definition
| can contract to bring structures closer together, contain fibres which can shorten the cell to cause contraction |
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Term
| How are red blood cells adapted for their function of transport? |
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Definition
| No nucleus, leaving space for haemoglobin. Very flexible allowing them to squeeze through small spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of cells with similar structures working together to perform a shared function. |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure made up of a group of tıssues working together to perform specific functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions. |
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Term
| Formula for calculating magnification. |
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Definition
| measured size in drawing divided by actual size |
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Term
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Definition
| the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient as a result of random movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (against a concentration gradient). REQUIRES ENERGY. |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane. |
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Term
Describe water potential gradient.
What is the role of this in plants? |
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Definition
| Through transpiration, water moves from the roots to the leaves where it will be lost as water vapour. This supplies water to the plant. The water is moving via osmosis from an area of higher water potential (the soil) to an area of lower water potential (the environment). |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that function as catalysts, substances that speed up reactions but are not changed by the reaction. |
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Term
| Explain the lock and key model of enzyme action. |
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Definition
| each enzyme is specific to a particular substrate. When the substrate binds to the enzyme, the enzyme can catalyze the reaction. Product is formed and released from the enzyme. The shape of the enzyme remains the same as it was before the reaction. See page 14. |
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Term
| How do changes in pH and temperature affect enzyme activity? |
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Definition
| Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature. At optimum levels, reactions will be the fastest. If temperature or pH is too low or too high. the enzyme will be denatured and reaction will stop. |
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Term
| What is the role of enzymes in the germination of seeds? |
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Definition
| Water enters the seed and activates enzymes. Enzymes catalyze the breakdown of food stores in the seed (starch and protein) so that it has energy needed for growth. |
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Term
| Why are enzymes used in biological washing powders (detergents)? |
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Definition
| They can break down the lipids and proteins that cause stains more efficiently and at lower temperatures than water alone. |
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Term
| How are enzymes used by the food industry? |
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Definition
| the enzymes carry out processes in normal conditions that would normally require extreme and expensive conditions. look at page 313 for more info |
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Term
| How can microbes be used to manufacture antibiotics in fermenters? |
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Definition
| it is used to cut out the desirable gene from the pancreas cell decoding for human insulin. |
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Term
| How can microorganisms be used to produce enzymes for biological washing powders? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the fungus Penicillium used to produce penicillin? |
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Definition
| see page 305 on batch culture |
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Term
| Carbohydrates are polymers of: |
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Definition
| hydrogen oxygen and carbon |
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Term
| Proteins are polymers of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Fats are composed of 2 components: |
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Definition
| glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains |
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Term
| What do plants use magnesium ions for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemical elements are found in proteins? |
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Definition
| C, H, O, sometimes N, sometimes S |
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Term
| What do plants use nitrate ions for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What food test is used to test for the presence of STARCH? |
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Definition
| iodine solution - add to solution containing the sample - positive result is blue/black |
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Term
| What food test is used to test for the presence of REDUCING SUGARS? |
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Definition
| Benedict's solution - add to solution containing the sample and heat - positive result is brick red/orange precipitate |
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Term
| What food test is used to test for the presence of PROTEINS? |
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Definition
| biuret test - add to solution containing the sample - positive test is light purple/mauve |
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Term
| What food test is used to test for the presence of FATS? |
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Definition
| add ethanol to solution containing the unknown - pour this mixture into a test tube containing an equal amount of distilled water - positive test shows a milky white emulsion/layer formed. |
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Term
| What 3 elements are necessary for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| chlorophyll, light, and carbon dioxide |
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Term
| What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| It traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates. |
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Term
| Define limiting factor (in the context of photosynthesis). |
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Definition
| something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts the process from occurring. |
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Term
| Label the following on a drawing of a leaf: cuticle, palisade cells, chloroplasts, stomata, vascular bundle. |
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Definition
| See page 152 in your text book. |
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Term
| What are the 6 nutrients that humans need? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water |
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Term
| What foods are rich in carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| bread, starches (potatoes, rice, pasta), sugars |
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Term
| List foods that are rich in fats. |
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Definition
| animal products (meat, cheese, milk, eggs), oils, margarine, butter |
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Term
| List foods that are rich in protein. |
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Definition
| meat, nuts, legumes, beans |
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Term
| List foods that are rich in vitamin C. |
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Definition
| citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables |
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Term
| List foods that are rich in vitamin D. |
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Definition
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Term
| List foods that are rich in calcium. |
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Definition
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Term
| List foods that are rich in iron. |
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Definition
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Term
| List foods that are high in fiber. |
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Definition
| plants food - whole grains, fruits, vegetables |
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Term
| How are microorganisms used in the food industry, with specific reference to yogurt and mycoprotein. |
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Definition
| mycoprotein is a fungus produced as a meat substitute. Yogurt is produced from milk using bacteria as fermenters that cause the milk to coagulate. Microorganisms are also used in brewing and baking. |
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Term
| Describe the uses, benefits, and health hazards associated with food additives, including colorings. |
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Definition
| Food additives are often synthetic chemicals that some people are very sensitive to. They may cause hyperactivity in children or other signs of illness in adults. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency? |
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Definition
| scurvy - loose teeth, bleeding gums; wounds don't heal well. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency? |
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Definition
| rickets - weak legs with soft bones |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of iron deficiency? |
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Definition
| anemia - fatigue, weakness, not enough red blood cells means not enough oxygen being transported around the body, shortness of breath. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light |
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Term
| Write the word equation for photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| water + carbon dioxide + light energy => sugar + oxygen |
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Term
| What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
6CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
(light and chlorophyll over arrow) |
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Term
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Definition
| sex cells wıth haploid nuclei such as sperm and eggs |
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Term
| What is the importance of meiosıs? |
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Definition
| creates HAPLOID gametes for reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic makeup of an organism in terms of alleles present (such as Hh) |
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Term
| Why are nitrogen fertilisers used? |
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Definition
| to provide an ample supply of nitrogen to plants for protein synthesis, leading to better growth. |
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Term
| What is a danger of overuse of fertilisers? |
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Definition
| it may wash off into local water supplies and cause eutrophication. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diet that contains the essential nutrients in the proper amounts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not having a balanced diet - may be too much of something (calories or sugar) or too little of something (calories or protein or a particular vitamin, etc.) |
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Term
| What are some examples of diseases/states caused by malnutrition? |
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Definition
| starvation (not enough calories), coronary heart disease (too much fat), constipation (not enough fiber), obesity (too much overall energy) |
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Term
| How has modern technology led to increased food production? |
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Definition
1. Modern machinery -makes growing and harvesting crops much faster and easier.
2- chemical fertilisers - allows plants to grow more rapidly and to be larger.
3 - Pesticides and herbicides- kill off weeds and bugs that are not wanted, allowing crops to grow larger and more rapidly.
4 - Artificial selection - farmers can choose certain plants that are more productive than others and breed those to produce their desired crop in larger amounts. |
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Term
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Definition
| taking substances into the body through the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| passing out food that has not been digeted as faeces through the anus |
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Term
| Label the following on a diagram of the alimentary canal: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, ileum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine (colon, rectum, and anus). |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the following on a diagram of the alimentary canal: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, ileum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine (colon, rectum, and anus). |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the following on a diagram of the alimentary canal: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, ileum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine (colon, rectum, and anus). |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the following on a diagram of the alimentary canal: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, ileum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine (colon, rectum, and anus). |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the following on a diagram of the alimentary canal: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, ileum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine (colon, rectum, and anus). |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the following on a diagram of the alimentary canal: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, ileum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine (colon, rectum, and anus). |
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Definition
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Term
| Be able to label the following structure on a diagram, and know the function. |
|
Definition
mouth - breaking down food
salivary glands - release amylase
oesophagus - tube that leads food (bolus to)...
stomach - both mechanical and chemical digestion
small intestine - site of most absorption (duodenum is the first section, ileum is the second section)
pancreas - secretes enzymes, mucus, and hydrogencarbonate
Liver - produces bile
gall bladder - stores bile
large intestine - colon resabsorbs water, some vitamin and mineral absorption
rectum - stores faeces before expelling them
anus - exit for faeces |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water soluble molecules, using chemical and mechanical processes. |
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Term
| Name 4 types of human teeth and their functions. |
|
Definition
incisor - cutting and biting
canine - holding and cutting
premolar - chewing and crushing
molar - chewing and crushing |
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Term
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Definition
| waves of contraction that move food throughout the alimentary canal. Longitudinal muscles run the length of the gut wall, while circular muscle run around the gut wall. |
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Term
| Why is bile important in digestion? |
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Definition
| It emulsifies fats, meaning that it breaks large fat globules into smaller globules, increasing surface area for lipase to act on. |
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Term
| Define chemical digestion. |
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Definition
| the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water-soluble food molecules using chemical processes, such as enzymes. |
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Term
| Where is amylase secreted, and what does it break down? |
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Definition
| It is secreted by the salivary glands and the pancreas, and it converts starch to maltose. Starch is a large, bulky storage form of carbohydrate, while maltose is a simpler sugar which is soluble. |
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Term
| Where is protease secreted? |
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Definition
| the stomach - breaks proteins into simpler,shorter peptides. |
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Term
| Where is lipase secreted? |
|
Definition
| pancreas - converts fats to fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph |
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Term
| In what region of the alimentary canal does most absorption occur? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why are villi in the small intestine wall important? |
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Definition
| They increase surface area of the small intestine, making absorption more efficient. |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells. |
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Term
| What does the liver do with glucose? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What role does the liver play in protein digestion? |
|
Definition
| can build proteins from amino acids; can also destroy excess amino acids by deamination. |
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Term
| What is one important role of fat in animals? |
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Definition
| It is a means of energy storage. |
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Term
| What is the function of the xylem? |
|
Definition
| to transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves throughout the plant. |
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Term
| What is the function of phloem in a plant? |
|
Definition
| to transport water, sugars, proteins, and minerals throughout the plant. |
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Term
| Know how xylem and phloem are distributed in roots, stems, and leaves. Distribution is different in all 3. |
|
Definition
| leaf on page 152, stem and root on page 163. |
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Term
| How is the structure of root hair cells related to their function? |
|
Definition
| Extension increases surface area, making uptake of water and minerals from the soil more efficient. |
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Term
| What is the pathway that water takes from the soil into the plant? |
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Definition
| First enters root hair cell, then travels through root cortex cells, then into the xylem, and later into the mesophyll layer of the leaf. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by loss of water vapour from plant leaves through the stomata. |
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Term
| How does humid air impact rates of transpiration? |
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Definition
| There is more water in the air, so the water potential gradient from the leaf to the environment is not as steep, causing transpiration to slow down. |
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Term
| How does increasing light intensity impact transpiration rates? |
|
Definition
| It causes more stomata to open, resulting in more rapid water loss to the environment, and therefore more rapid rates of transpiration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Leaves collapse and stomata close to reduce heat absorption and evaporation/diffusion of water. |
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Term
| How are cacti, and water plants adapted to their habitats |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In translocation, what is the difference between a sink and a source? |
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Definition
| The source is where the substance is produced in the plant, the sink is where it is needed/stored. |
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Term
| Describe a circulatory system. |
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Definition
| A system of tubes with a pump and vavles to ensure one-way flow of blood. |
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Term
| What is meant by double circulation in regards to the human circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| the blood must circulate to the lungs to be oxygenated, and then circulate to the body tissues to deliver oxygen. Circulation to the lungs is under lower pressure than circulation to the whole body. |
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Term
| Draw and label a heart with the following structures: Muscular wall, septum, chambers, valves, and the major blood vessels that come into and go out of the heart. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the heart contract to push blood throughout the body? |
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Definition
| It's a muscular contraction. Atrium receives blood on both sides, pushes blood through valves into the ventricles. Ventricles pump blood at high pressure out to the body (left side) or the lungs (right side). |
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Term
| What is the function of valves in the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| to ensure that blood flows in only one direction. |
|
|
Term
| How does physical activity affect pulse rate? |
|
Definition
| Causes it to increase, due to increased demand for oxygen by body tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What is coronary heart disease? |
|
Definition
| Blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 causes of coronary heart disease? |
|
Definition
poor diet - high fat, cholesterol
stressful life style
smoking |
|
|
Term
| How can a person prevent coronary heart disease from developing? |
|
Definition
| regular exercise, healthy diet, low-stress lifestyle, avoid smoking |
|
|
Term
| Where do simple sugars go after they are absorbed through the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| enter the blood stream and go to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. |
|
|
Term
| Where do amino acids go once they are absorbed in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| into the blood stream and to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. |
|
|
Term
| Where to lipids go after they are absorbed in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| they enter the lacteal, then the lymphatic vessels, and ultimately end up in the blood stream. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major blood vessels to and from the heart? |
|
Definition
Aorta - out of the heart
Vena cava - into the heart |
|
|
Term
| What are the major blood vessels that lead into and out of the lungs? |
|
Definition
pulmonary artery - leads to the lungs
pulmonary vein - leads out of the lungs |
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|
Term
| What are the major blood vessels that lead into and out of the liver? |
|
Definition
hepatic portal vein - from intestines to liver
heapatic vein - out of liver into blood supply |
|
|
Term
| What are the major blood vessels that lead into and out of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
renal artery - into kidneys
renal vein - out of kidneys |
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Term
| How are arteries, capillaries, and veins different in terms of function? |
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Definition
| Arteries carry things away from heart, veins carry things toward the heart, and capillaries are distributed in tissues for diffusion of substances into and out of blood stream. |
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Term
| How are arteries, veins, and capillaries different in terms of structure? |
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Definition
| Arteries - very thick muscular walls, veins have thinner, less muscular walls, capillaries are only 1 cell thick to allow for rapid diffusion. Veins also have one-way valves to keep blood flow in the proper direction. |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 components of blood? |
|
Definition
| red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of red blood cells? |
|
Definition
| Haemoglobin and oxygen transport |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of white blood cells? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytosis and antibody formation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of plasma? |
|
Definition
| transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, and plasma proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the immune system? |
|
Definition
| To protect body from invasion by microbes. May occur via production of antibodies (against specific antigens), or phagocytosis (white blood cells that engulf microbes). |
|
|
Term
| Define respiration (in terms of cellular respiration, not breathing). |
|
Definition
| The chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy. |
|
|
Term
| List 7 uses of energy in the human body. |
|
Definition
| Muscle contraction; protein synthesis; cell division; active transport; growth; passage of nerve impulses; maintenance of body temperature. |
|
|
Term
| Define aerobic respiration. |
|
Definition
| the release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the word equation for aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
| glucose + oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide, water, and energy |
|
|
Term
| Define anaerobic respiration. |
|
Definition
| the release of a relatively small amount of energy by the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals in muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast? |
|
Definition
| glucose --> alcohol and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| How is anaerobic respiration in yeast used for brewing and baking? |
|
Definition
| in brewing, ethanol is produced. In baking, carbon dioxide produced by yeast causes rising in dough as gas bubbles form. |
|
|
Term
| List 5 features of ideal gas exchange surfaces in animals. |
|
Definition
| They should be thin, with a large surface area, moist, well ventilated, close to a blood supply. |
|
|
Term
| Be able to label the following structures on a diagram: lungs, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do mucus and cilia protect the gas exchange system? |
|
Definition
| mucus trap dust particles and microbes, cilia move the mucus away from the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| How is inspired and expired air different? |
|
Definition
| inspired air is 21% oxygen, expired is 18% oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| How does physical activity impact rate and depth of breathing? |
|
Definition
| Rate increases, depth increases as body needs more oxygen to meet the demands of respiring cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the removal of toxic materials from organisms and substances in excess of requirements. Includes carbon dioxide, urea, and salts. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the kidneys. |
|
Definition
| remove urea, excess water, reabsorption of blucose and some salts. |
|
|
Term
| Be able to label these structures on a diagram: ureters, bladder, urethra, kidneys. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is urea formed and what is it formed from? |
|
Definition
| Formed in the liver from excess amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| List 3 things that are broken down in the liver. |
|
Definition
| alcohol, drugs, and hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the human nervous system. |
|
Definition
| It is comprised of a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and a peripheral nervous system (nerves) which together coordinate and regulate body functions. |
|
|
Term
| How are a sensory neurone and a motor neurone different? |
|
Definition
| Sensory neurones carry an impulse from a receptor to the central nervous system, while motor neurones carry impulses from the central nervous system to an effector. |
|
|
Term
| Know the structure of a neurone - cell body, dendrites, end plate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a simple reflex arc. |
|
Definition
| information from a receptor is relayed to a sensory neurone, the impulse is then relayed to the central nervous system, then to a motor neurone and finally to an effector. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the structure that carries out an action in response to the initial stimulus. May be a muscle or a gland. |
|
|
Term
| Define antagonistic muscles |
|
Definition
| pairs of muscles with opposing actions - one muscle pulls, the other pushes (biceps and triceps) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli such as light, sound, touch, temperature, and chemicals. |
|
|
Term
| Be able to draw and label an eye with the following structures: pupil iris, cornea, retina, sclera,ciliary muscle, suspensory ligament, lens. |
|
Definition
| see page 101 in the book. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the eyes accomodate for distant vision? |
|
Definition
| distant object: ciliary muscles relax, ligaments are tight, lens is pulled long and thin, results in less refraction of light. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the eyes accomodate for close vision? |
|
Definition
| ciliary muscles contract, ligaments relax, lens becomes short and fat, light is greatly refracted. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the pupil reflex in the eye in bright conditions. |
|
Definition
| Circular muscles of the iris contract and reduce the pupil size. Allows less light to enter, protecting the retina from bleaching. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the pupil reflex in the eye in low light conditions. |
|
Definition
| radial muscles of the iris contract and the pupil is opened wider so that more light can reach the retina. |
|
|
Term
| What are the similarities and differences between rods and cones in the eye? |
|
Definition
| Both are photoreceptors. Rods provide black and white images while cones provide detailed images in color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical substance produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which can alter the activity of one or more specific target organs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of adrenaline in the body? What impact does it have when secreted? |
|
Definition
| Increases blood glucose concentration and pulse rate. |
|
|
Term
| How are the nervous system and the endocrine system similar? |
|
Definition
| Both are means of control for the body. |
|
|
Term
| How are the nervous system and the endocrine system different? |
|
Definition
| Nervous system responses tend to be rapid and short-term. Endocrine system responses tend to take longer with long term effects (e.g. puberty). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant growing towards (positive) or away from (negative) gravity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growing towards (positive) light or away from (negative) light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant hormone responsible for plant growth. |
|
|
Term
| How are hormones used in food production? |
|
Definition
| Producing seedless fruits, cuttings for artificial propagation, killing weeds, synchronized fruiting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The maintenance of a constant internal environment. |
|
|
Term
| Be able to label the following on a diagram of skin: hairs, sweat glands, temperature receptors, blood vessles, fatty tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the body do to increase body temperature? |
|
Definition
| shivering, vasoconstriction, goose bumps |
|
|
Term
| What does the body do to increase body temperature? |
|
Definition
| shivering, vasoconstriction, goose bumps |
|
|
Term
| What does the body do to increase body temperature? |
|
Definition
| shivering, vasoconstriction, goose bumps |
|
|
Term
| How does the body INCREASE body temperature? |
|
Definition
| shivering, goose bumps, vasoconstriction (to shunt blood to the core organs), insulation. |
|
|
Term
| How does the body DECREASE temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medications used to treat bacterial infections. They render the bacteria harmless. |
|
|
Term
| What are potential effects of heroin use? |
|
Definition
| It's a depressant, so may cause depression, addiction. After becoming addicted, quitting is difficult because of the severe withdrawal symptoms. Because it's a depressant, it causes slower reaction time. Can also cause damage to the liver. People who use it may become desperate to buy more and thus enter a life of crime to support their habit. Also sharing needles to inject it puts people at increased risk of developing HIV and hepatitis C. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the effects of excessive alcohol consumption? |
|
Definition
| reduced self control/inhibitions, depression, slower reaction times, liver damage, bad decisions. |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 major components of cigarette smoke? |
|
Definition
| tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, smoke particles. |
|
|
Term
| How do the different components of cigarette smoke impact the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
Tar - causes cancer, irritant in lungs
Nicotine - caues addiction, also a stimulant which makes heart beat faster and causes blood pressure increase.
Carbon monoxide - reduces the oxygen supply when carboxyhaemoglobin is formed.
Smoke particles - act as irritants in lungs, causing coughing. |
|
|
Term
| Define asexual reproduction. |
|
Definition
| The process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent. |
|
|
Term
| Define sexual reproduction. |
|
Definition
| the process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring. |
|
|
Term
| Be able to label the following structures on a flower: sepals, petals, stamens, anthers, carpels, ovaries, and stigmas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protect the flower bud, disappear after pollination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brightly coloured and scented to attract pollinators, may produce nectar, also attracting pollinators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains 4 pollen sacs filled with pollen grains. Each pollen grain contains a male nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a platform on which pollen grains land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow chamber, inside of which ovules develop from the walls. |
|
|
Term
| Discuss advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant to the female part of the plant. |
|
|
Term
| Difference between self pollination and cross pollination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the agents of pollination. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers differ? |
|
Definition
Wind: small, dull colour, no scent, no nectaries, anthers hang loosely, pollen is ligh and smooth in large quantities, stigma is long and feathery and hanging outside flower.
Insect: Petals are large and brightly coloured or scented or with nectaries, anthers are stiff and firmly attached, pollen is large sticky grains in small amounts, stigma is flat or lobe shaped. |
|
|
Term
| How does a pollen tube form? |
|
Definition
| When pollen lands on the stigma, a tube is formed that grows down through the style into the ovary. The male gamete will go down this tube to the ovule which contains the female gamete. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structre of a seed? |
|
Definition
| The seed contains starch and protein, food stores for germination. It also contains inactive enzymes. It contains an embryo. All is enclosed in a seed coat. The fruit surrounds and protects the seed. |
|
|
Term
| What process is occuring as a young seed is formed? |
|
Definition
| male and female nuclei fuse to form a zygote. External structures of the flower wither away. Fruit thickens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seed leaves inside a seed that form the food store for the embryo. |
|
|
Term
| Why is seed and fruit dispersal important? |
|
Definition
| allows the plant to colonise new areas. Also reduces competition between the parent and the offspring. |
|
|
Term
| Give 4 mechanisms of seed dispersal, and one example of each. |
|
Definition
| Wind - sycamore; explosive - lupin; animal - plum; water - coconut |
|
|
Term
| Be able to label the following structures on the male reproductive system: testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra, penis. Know the function of each. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the uterus change throughout the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
days 1-5: lining is shed in menstruation
days 6-12: repair phase -lining of uterus thickens
days 16-21 - receptive phase - lining of uterus is well developed and an embryo can now implant
days 22-28: premenstrual phase - lining degenerates if there is no embryo. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| An ovum is released at days 13-15. This is called ovulation. Occurs at the peak of oestrogen concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the joining of the nuclei of the male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of FSH, LH, progesterone, and oestrogen in controlling the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| LH stimulates the release of the mature ovum from the ovary. Progesterone keeps the lining of the uterus ready for implantation and pregnancy. Oestrogen repairs the lining of the uterus. Follical stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates development of the Graafian follicle in the ovary. |
|
|
Term
| What happens after fertilisation? |
|
Definition
| The embryo, a ball of cells, becomes embedded in the thickened lining of the uterus. This is called implantation. |
|
|
Term
| What happens after implantation of the zygote in the wall of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| Outer cells of the embryo combine with some of the mother's cells and a placenta begins to develop. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the placenta and umbilical cord? |
|
Definition
| provides exchange of dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and excretory products. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the amniotic sack and fluid? |
|
Definition
| The sack encloses the fetus. The fluid protects the fetus against shock, drying out, and temperature fluctuations. |
|
|
Term
| Outline the processes involved in labour and birth. |
|
Definition
| The baby has its head pressed against the cervix. Coontractions begin, stimulated by oxytocin and oestrogen. The amniotic sack ruptures and the cervix dilates. The baby passes into the birth canal, the vagina, and the mother pushes the baby out. |
|
|
Term
| How does testosterone play a role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty? |
|
Definition
| Chest broadens, hair develops on face, in armpits, and pubic area, testes begin to produce sperm, genitalia become larger. |
|
|
Term
| How does oestrogen play a role in the development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Breasts develop and become larger, nipples become larter, hair develops in pubic area and armpits, hips become broader, fat is deposited. |
|
|
Term
| Describe natural birth control. |
|
Definition
| Not using chemicals or other methods to prevent pregnancy. Example: rhythm method - avoiding intercourse during the fertile period of the menstrual cycle. Abstinence - not having intercourse at all to prevent pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| Describe two forms of chemical contraception. |
|
Definition
Birth control pill - prevents ovulation and/or implantation.
Spermicide - kills sperm so that fertilisation cannot occur. |
|
|
Term
| Describe 4 forms of mechanical birth control. |
|
Definition
Condom - worn by male over the penis to prevent sperm from entering the female.
Diaphragm - a cup inserted over the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
Femidom - a female condom which lines the vagina and prevents the entry of sperm.
IUD - a small device implanted into the uterus which prevents implantation of the zygote. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the methods of transmission of HIV. |
|
Definition
| It is transmitted by sexual fluids and blood. It can be transmitted by sexual intercourse, sharing needles, or from the mother to the fetus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a permanent increase in dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in terms of increase and complexity |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Conditions that affect the germination of seeds |
|
Definition
| requirement of water and oxygen, suitable temerature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transportation of genetic information from generation to generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thread of DNA made up of a string of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a length on DNA that is the unit of heredity and codes for a specific protein.A gene may be copied and passed on to the next generation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of two or more alternative forms of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as a nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes(e.g sperm and egg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes( e.g in body cells) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the inheritance of sex in humans |
|
Definition
| reference to XX and XY chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells in which the chromosome number is maintained by th exact duplication of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth, repair of damaged tissues, replacement of worn out call and asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid |
|
|
Term
| is mitosis or meiosis involved in genetic variation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic makeup of an organism in terms of the alleles present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical or other features of an organism due to both its genotype and the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having two identical alleles of a particular gene. two identical hoozygous individuals that breed together will be pure breeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having two different alleles of a particular gene, not pure breeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allele that is expressed if it is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present |
|
|
Term
| calculate and predict the results of monohybrid crosses involving 1:1 and 3:1 ratios |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reference to blood groups, phenotypes A, B, AB, and O blood groups and genotypes iA, iB, iO |
|
|
Term
| what affects continuous variation? |
|
Definition
| genes, the environment, range of phenotypes between two extremes e.g height in humans |
|
|
Term
| what affects discontinuous variation? |
|
Definition
| genes alone and results in a limited number of distinct phenotypes with no intermediates e.g A AB A and O blood groups in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| source of variation, as shown by Down's Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| describe sickle cell anemia |
|
Definition
| protects from malaria if only one allele, if there are two results in sickle shaped red blood ells- horrible disease |
|
|
Term
| ionizing radiation and chemicals- its affect on rate of mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of varieties of animals and plants with increased economic importance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greater chance of passing on genes by best adapted organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| competition leads to differential survival of, and reproduction by, those organisms best fitted to the enviornment |
|
|
Term
| importance of natural selection |
|
Definition
| a possible mechanism for evolution |
|
|
Term
| antibiotic resistant bacteria an example of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking a gene from one species and putting it into another species |
|
|
Term
| explain why and outline how human insulin genes were put into bateria using genetic engineering |
|
Definition
|
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