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| rock formed from magma that has cooled above ground that protrudes from the earth's surface. Basalt- Kuna Butte |
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| magma flows that have cooled below earth's surface forming igneous rock, extends 40mi^2 or more, found in Idaho from Bogus Basin to mtns, Idaho Batholith |
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| The "Great Meteor Shower" |
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| the shower that came down upon the earth creating a series of combustions that hit the earth changing its surface, part of what originally formed the earth, no rocks exist from this period |
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| the 2nd biggest extinction event the earth has ever seen, existed between cretaceous and tertiary period, killed the majority of life, possibly killed the dinosaurs, could have been caused by a meteor |
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| winds that blow west to east, exist from 30 degrees to 60 degrees, can affect weather and trade routes |
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| the dating method that tells how old something is by the amount of the unstable isotope compared to the stable isotope, carbon 14 used for recent fossils, uranium used for meteors, rocks, planet-time period |
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| the first living known organisms, still in existence today, formed the pedestals, and began known existence of organisms |
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| Pacific Decadal Oscillation |
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| an oscillation in air pressure over the Northern Pacific |
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| triggered by breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia |
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| fossils of animals first become abundant |
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| Fundamental rules of stratigraphy |
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| the oldest layers are usually found below younger layers, the fossils change in regular, predictable ways as one goes from older to younger strata, if rock layer 1 cuts through rock layer 2 then rock layer is the older |
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| Permian extinction and Triassic Period |
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| atmospheric oxygen levels dipped to about 13% |
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| the area in between the two ice plates, the Cordillerian that covered the western part of the Northwest and the Laurention that started in Montana and went eastward and to eastern Canada. Formed a split where ice sheets met and melted along the line of British Columbia. Allowed the first humans to come to NA and to hunt big game by crossing the Beringa bridge from Asia |
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| second clearly defined and acknowledged culture in NA. Focused on hunting big game with the use of the adlatul and herding. More stationary than the Clovis. ate and used many of the resources of Indian creek. Moved with the seasons. Lived in caves and wikiups. |
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| the horizon of seepage in which the real soil is observed. Nutrients sink into this area and make good growing conditions. Newer soil, area right above the line with bedrock. The heart of the soil that can distinguish parent material |
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| area by a river, life zone that can be extended by beaver occupation, life right by a river bank like trees, small plants, animals, and moss. Affects the health of a stream and the kind of plants it supports |
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| area highest in life zones in elevation. Does not support much life. Found in areas like Alaska and Antarctica. Typical plants are lichen and other small plants. Extremely productive but only for a tiny window of time. Lots of moisture a year. |
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| a zone of sea-floor spreading (rift) was sub ducted under North America leading to subsequent mountain building beginnning |
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| was ultimately responsible for massive global warming |
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| was a Miocene and Pliocene age lake system in southern Idaho, it was about the size of one of the Great Lakes, sculpins formed many new species in this deep, long-lasting lake |
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| started in southeastern Idaho at Red Rocks Pass, left rounded boulders in patches along the course of the Snake River, eroded parts of Lizard Butte, contributing to its "lizard" shape |
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| a bowl-shaped depression on the mountainside where the glacier formed |
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| a structure that forms when more snow falls in the winter on average than melts in the summer, compacted snow that has been turned to ice, a mass of ice that moves under its own weight |
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| a circulation pattern that dominates the tropical atmosphere, with rising motion near the equator, poleward flow 10-15 kilometers above the surface, descending motion in the subtropics, and equatorward flow near the surface. This circulation is intimately related to the trade winds, tropical rainbelts, subtropical deserts and the jet streams |
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| a handle used to throw a long light, spear called a dart |
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| that ice age mammals and birds were exterminated in a few hundred years by Paleolithic Indians |
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| type of spear point about 6-8 inches long used for killing big game such as mammoths |
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| saber tooth tigers, American lions, cheetahs, mammoths, ground sloths, musk oxen, vultures with 17' wingspans, zebras, camels, and dire wolves |
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| positions of the plates shift the ocean currents so that warm water does not reach high latitudes, when the Milankovitch cycles are aligned so that the Earth receives less solar radiation, when there is less CO2 in the atmosphere because of biological processes |
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| Evidence of past glaciation is found in |
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| parallel scratches on bedrock, polished bedrock, piles of unsorted angular rocks and dirt called till |
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| Prior to obtaining horses, local Native American groups |
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| During the Cenozoic Era, climate has |
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| was especially warm during Eocene, and generally cooling since then, with major cooling in the Pliocene and Pleistocene and glaciation during the past 2 million years |
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| are swellings made on plant leaves by parasitic insects whose larvae eat the growing tissue |
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| obviously a very touch person, was claimed immediately by both scientist and the Umatilla tribe, and was probably not an Indian, possibly a Korean, and indicates multiple colonizations of North America |
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| Important plants in Native American diet included |
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| camas, cattails, currants, wild rose hips, bitterroot, grass seeds |
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| What are life zones? What are the life zones found in the Intermountain West? |
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Tundra-lichen and tiny plants, extremely cold, lots of moisture, 35-40" a year
Alpine- small trees up to tree line, very cold less moisture, 30-35" a year
Sub-alpine- trees such as fir, cold, less moisture, 25-30" as year
Forest- trees like pine (ponderosa), aspen, and other forest, 20-25" a year
Steppe/shrub- area of mostly grasses and small plants, our area, 10-15" a year
Upper Sonoran- Mexico- area of mostly sagebrush and small plants, 5-10" a year
Sonoran- Mexico- Mexico, desert, very few plants, dry, arid, 0-5" a year
Other life zones: aquatic/riparian
An area with specific changes in plant species as elevation changes. Contains particular species that occur in different elevations, depends on what area because some areas like the tropics would have many more zones, law that as elevation increases plants change with moisture levels |
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| What would be five consequences of removing beaver from a stream? |
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- tree growth and expansion would decrease as less beavers to create more of a riparian zone
-less ponds so less habitats for small fish
-more CO2 from less tree growth to counter-act
-stream would become dirtier as less settlement to filter through and less dams to catch on
-Water currents would become faster as there is less sediment to form a stable environment
-less small animals that feed on small fish and live in riparian environment
-keystone species because it could affect many animals like birds, small mammals, large mammals, predators |
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| a plant species that produces toxins and biological roadblocks for other plants growing in its ecosystem in an attempt to gain control and increase its numbers by poisoning *cheatgrass |
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| when a small amount of something continues to grow as levels of animals eat larger quantities causing the small amount to grow exponentially to harmful *DDT in Clear Lake magnifying by 8,000x |
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compounds that plants can develop that do not directly affect growth or reproduction but serve as protection against herbivores that can poison or limit herbivores and their reproduction
*chemicals in some sagebrush |
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