Term
|
Definition
Unequal pupils (benign anisocoria is a normal variant in 20% of people; pupil reacts to light normally); possible uncal herniation if in coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
painless, transient monocular vision loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Acute angle-closure glaucoma |
|
Definition
Headache with dilated irregular pupil; eye PAIN will dominate the clinical picture. Also, eye will be red with cloudy cornea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Damage to SNS; Horny PAMELa: Ptosis (drooping), Anhidrosis (lack of sweating), Miosis, Enophthalmos (recession of eyeball) and Loss of ciliospinal reflex (dilation of ipsilateral pupil in response to pain to neck, face or upper trunk). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Seen in MG, Miller-Fisher variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome, Botulism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Seen in Horner's syndrome & Oculomotor palsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exophthalmos with periorbital edema |
|
Definition
Bilateral in Grave's disease |
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Term
|
Definition
See white sclera upon looking down; indicates hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
Lateral rectus, Superior oblique, All the rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deviation varies depending on gaze direction |
|
|
Term
Non-paralytic (aka lazy eye) strabismus |
|
Definition
Deviation is constant in all gaze directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Convergent strabismus (shorter distance between pupils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Divergent strabismus (greater distance between pupils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormal eye realigns after good eye covered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN VI: longest and likeliest involved neuropathy (also caused by 1) increased intracranial pressure 2) meningeal processes, including infection and cancer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eye is deviated inferiorly and laterally (IV and VI are intact); also see ptosis due to loss of levator m. & mydriasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lose CN III motor fibers first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lose parasympathetic fibers first: get mydriasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
affected eye is deviated superiorly and medially; pt complains of diplopia |
|
|
Term
Intranuclear opthalmoplegia |
|
Definition
Lesion of MLF: problem with adduction of the involved eye. Bilateral in MS. Unilateral in brainstem strokes and rarer disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slow drift right followed by rapid movement left. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not necessarily pathologic. Occurs in the direction you look. Can be caused by drugs of abuse and others (e.g. lithium, dilantin) |
|
|
Term
Primary position nystagmus |
|
Definition
Eye not fixed. Due to vestibular dz, strokes, MS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Near-sighted. Cannot see distance. Retinal image focal point anterior to retina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Far-sightedness. Cannot see close. Retinal image focal point posterior to retina. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
involuntary eye movements during the scanning of a moving field (i.e. watching a passing train). preserved in feigned blindness. |
|
|
Term
Complete lesion of optic nerve. |
|
Definition
Lose both fields in one eye. |
|
|
Term
Partial lesion of optic nerve. |
|
Definition
Lose partial fields in one eye. |
|
|
Term
Complete lesion of optic chiasm. |
|
Definition
Lose lateral fields bilaterally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lose contralateral fields in both eyes. |
|
|
Term
Lesion of fiber tract from cortex to geniculate. |
|
Definition
Lose contralateral fields in both eyes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chronic Meibomian Gland Inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infected eyelash hair follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyperlipidemia causes subcutaneous collection of cholesterol along medial aspect of eyelids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood in anterior chamber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corneal abrasion appears green |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White or gray opaque ring in the corneal margin around the iris. May be present at birth and fade; may be present at <40yo and indicate hyperlipidemia; or be a normal variant in elderly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Constriction of pupil via parasympathetics in CN III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dilation of pupil via sympathetics in CN V |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
affected eye does not react to light directly but does constrict to light directed to the opposite eye (consensual response) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pupil finding for: narcotics, pons lesion, or cerebellum lesion with pontine compression |
|
|
Term
Pupil midposition (5-7mm) & fixed |
|
Definition
Pupil finding for midbrain lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pupil finding for: sympathomimetic such as amphetamine, LSD, cocaine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pupil finding for: lesion of medulla (brain death), drugs with anticholinergic effect |
|
|
Term
Metabolic coma pupil finding |
|
Definition
Coma with spared pupillary reactivity |
|
|
Term
Pupils in coma due to endogenous toxins |
|
Definition
Occulocephalic responses usually spared by these toxins |
|
|
Term
Pupils in coma due to exogenous toxins |
|
Definition
Eye movements usually paralyzed by these toxins |
|
|
Term
Pupil & Iris bilaterally small and nonreactive to light, but will accomodate. AKA Argyll Robertson Pupil. |
|
Definition
Pupil and iris finding due to: opiate overdose, pontine lesion, neurosyphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slow response to light (irregularly dilated pupil); initially unilateral, may progress to bilateral over time; delayed constriction to accomodation; reacts to instilled medications; associated with loss of deep tendon reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lens opacity, various causes, common reason for inability to see the fundus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased intraocular pressure (normal 10-21 mm Hg); symptoms: boring eye pain, headache, vision blurred with rainbow halo around lights, nausea, abdominal pain; signs: cloudy, edematous cornea, hard red eye, ciliary flush, semi-dilated fixed pupil, IOP high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mannitol IV; pupil constriction via beta-blocker or cholinergic agonist; reduced intra-ocular fluid formation with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (Diamox) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red Eye, Discharge present, vision unaffected, pre-auricular lymph node palpable, IOP normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red eye, some pain, blurred vision, IOP occasionally elevated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Usually <50% optic disc diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blurred disc margins; indicates high pressure transmitted through optic nerve; due to: 1) systemic arterial pressure (malignant HTN), 2) venous pressure (central retinal vein occlusion, like an "eye DVT"), 3) high intracranial pressure (brain tumor, meninigitis) |
|
|
Term
Hypertensive retinopathy Grade I |
|
Definition
Mild vessel narrowing; retinal appearance normal; no papilledema |
|
|
Term
Hypertensive retinopathy grade II |
|
Definition
Moderate-marked narrowing (copper wiring), A-V nicking; retinal appearance normal; no papilledema |
|
|
Term
Hypertensive retinopathy grade II |
|
Definition
Moderate-marked narrowing (copper wiring), A-V nicking; retinal appearance normal; no papilledema |
|
|
Term
Hypertensive retinopathy Grade III |
|
Definition
Marked narrowing and spastic lesions (silver wiring); Retinal appearance: edema, cotton wool spots & hemorrhages; no papilledema |
|
|
Term
Hypertensive retinopathy Grade IV |
|
Definition
marked narrowing (copper wiring) and spastic lesions (silver wiring); A-V nicking; retina appearance: edematous with cotton wool spots & hemorrhages; Papilledema present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
edge of micro-retinal infarct; associated with HTN, diabetes, systemic lupus & venous infarcts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemorrhage with a white center corresponding to a cotton wool spot (i.e. infective endocarditis & others) |
|
|
Term
Diabetic dot and blot retinopathy |
|
Definition
Retinal capillary microaneurysms & intra-retinal hemorrhages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mass of conjunctival tissue that extends to the corneal surface. Ass'd with sunlight exposure; mostly cosmetic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
local edema that results from the local release of histamine, which increases capillary filtration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Morphology of skin lesions (6) |
|
Definition
Circular, oval, annular (ring shaped), targetoid, color, size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary lesion has changed. Discoloration (hyper/hypopigmentation) Lichenification (from rubbing, esp elbow); Scabs & crusts; Erosions (skin broken through from epi to dermis); Ulcers (possibly down to fat); Fissures Atrophy |
|
|
Term
Distribution/Configuration of skin lesions |
|
Definition
Sun-exposed vs non-sun-exposed; Zosteriform (resembles herpes zoster); acral lesion (on limbs); central; geographic |
|
|
Term
Seborrhoeic dermatitis, a common form of eczema |
|
Definition
Erythematous, not sharp, worse in winter, itchy, papulosquamous, often on the face, scalp, trunk |
|
|
Term
Plaque psoriasis, the most common form of psoriasis |
|
Definition
Erythematous patches, papulosquamous, scab crusts are secondary lesions |
|
|
Term
Subacute chronic squamous lupus erythematosus |
|
Definition
Annular rash with scales, papulosquamous, geographic distribution |
|
|
Term
Poison ivy (contact dermatitis) |
|
Definition
Tense blisters, line-like |
|
|
Term
HSV-1 with secondary impetigization |
|
Definition
Clustered secondary lesions exhibiting honey crusting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tense grouped pustules with scabbed crust secondary lesions within a dermatome pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pustules, red base; open comedo; closed comedo; inflammatory pustules; post-inflammatory discoloration |
|
|
Term
Leukocytoplastic vasculitis |
|
Definition
Vesicular pustules; purplish base=blood leaking into skin (inflammation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Confluent (joined) small circular papules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Targetoid and annular circular papules; papulosquamous; no itching; no secondary lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the skin caused by a plant/perfume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat/hypodermis/superficial fascia |
|
|
Term
Primary epidermis skin cells |
|
Definition
Squamous cells, melanocytes, basal cells |
|
|
Term
Primary dermis skin cells |
|
Definition
Histiocytes, fibroblasts. Dermins also contains CT matrix of collagen. |
|
|
Term
Color of vascular lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Color of pigmented lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Color of lesion squamous in origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Color of lesions derived from a deeper structure not affecting the epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How to tell the difference between arterial and venous vascular lesions |
|
Definition
Arterial are brighter red/strawberry/crimson, venous are purple or violet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cherry red angiomas; Cavernous congenital angiomas; Congenital angiomas; Nevus Flammeus congenital and late occuring lesions, Nevus Flammeus Tardus; Spider Angiomas (Nevus Araneus); Pyogenic Granulomas; Telangiectasias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Venous lakes; Senile Purpura; Angiokeratoma; Angiosarcoma (malignant); Kaposi Sarcoma (malignant) |
|
|
Term
Cell most likely responsible for brown or black lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Melanocytes are situated only along the dermal epidermal junction. These lesions are macular or flat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The proponderance of melanocytes are in the dermis and have migrated from the dermal epidermal junction. They may be macular or raised papular. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has features of both junction and intradermal nevus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A melanocytic nevus that resides deeper in the skin |
|
|
Term
Lentigo (or multiple lentigines) |
|
Definition
Macular or flat tan to brown lesions seen of sun exposed skin in older patients that have a very organized appearance (meaning they have symmetry, regular border, no color variation and are small in diameter). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Freckles; occur more commonly in type 2 skin patients with fair skin and lighter hair/red heads. |
|
|
Term
Congenital melanocytic nevus |
|
Definition
pigmented mole-like skin lesion present at birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Warty or cobblestone growth that refract light and have a pasted-on like appearance. Despite being brown, they are of squamous cell origin, not melanocytes. |
|
|
Term
Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma (Melanoma) |
|
Definition
Types of melanomas: Lentigo Maligna, Superficial Spreading Malignant Melanoma, Lentigo Maligna Melanoma, Nodular Melanoma, Acralentiginous Melanoma |
|
|
Term
Color and character of squamous cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
Color of skin, keratin has scaly or warty texture |
|
|
Term
Words in names of squamous cell lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Verrucae vulgaris (common warts); Verrucae Plana (flat topped small warts); Verrucae Plantaris (sole of the foot); Filiform Warts (Digitate verrucae); Condyloma Accuminata (Venereal warts); Mosaic warts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pigmented Actinic (Solar =) Keratosis; Non-pigmented AK; Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowens Disease); Bowenoid papulosis; Squamous cell carcinoma invasive well differentiated; Squamous cell carcinoma invasive poorly differentiated; Paget's disease usually of adenocarcinoma origin either mammary or extramammary origin; Keratoacanthoma; Lichen Planus-like Keratosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Micronodular Basal Cell Carcinoma; Ulcerating BCC; Morphea (Sclerosing) BCC; Superficial multicentric BCC; Pigmented BCC |
|
|
Term
Lesions of fibroblastic or histiocytic origin |
|
Definition
Hypertrophic scar; Keloid; Dermatofibroma or Histiocytoma; Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans; Soft fibroma (skin tags or polyps/achrochordon); Mucinosis (mucin is produced by fibroblasts) |
|
|
Term
Lesions of deeper dermal origin |
|
Definition
Pilar cysts (epidermoid cysts--except scalp; trichilemmal cysts--scalp); Steatocystoma Multiplex; Myxoid Cyst (variation of synovial cyst); Dermoid cyst |
|
|
Term
Lesions of sebaceous gland origin |
|
Definition
Tend to have waxy yellowish hue; Sebaceous Hyperplasia; Sebaceous Adenoma; Sebaceous Carcinoma; Nevus Sebaceous of Jadassohn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Xanthelasma; Xanthoma; Eruptive Xanthomas |
|
|
Term
Lesions of subcutaneous origin |
|
Definition
Lipoma (freely movable); Angiolipoma usually appear as lipomas but are tender |
|
|
Term
Lesions of sweat gland origin |
|
Definition
Syringoma; Eccrine Poroma; Syringocystadenoma; Apocrine Hydrocystoma (slightly purplish and frequently on face) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neurofibroma (assymptomatic and depressible and flesh colored); Neuroma (painful) flesh colored papule; Neurofibrosarcoma |
|
|
Term
Color of basal cell lesions |
|
Definition
Typically pearly shiny color |
|
|
Term
Sensory level of the nipples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sensory level of the umbilicus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sensory level of inguinal region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sensory level of plantar aspect of foot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sensory level of perianal area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the course of pain & temperature fibers |
|
Definition
The spinothalamic tract crosses at the spinal level and ascends anteriorly on the contralateral side |
|
|
Term
Describe the course of position & vibration fibers. |
|
Definition
The posterior columns ascend ipsilaterally & cross in the lower medulla. |
|
|
Term
Causes of spinal cord disease that may result in motor weakness |
|
Definition
Osteophyte, anterior cord infarction, transection |
|
|
Term
Cause of motor neuron disease (one example) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cause of demyelinating disease that may cause motor weakness (1 example) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cause of motor end-plate disease (1 example) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cause of Myopathy (1 example) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An electrolyte disorder than can cause motor weakness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cause of unilateral/focal motor weakness |
|
Definition
Carotid artery distribution cortical stroke; Traumatic injury/nerve entrapment or impingement (e.g. tumor); Lacunar stroke |
|
|
Term
When grading motor strength, what level is given when no contraction is detected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When grading motor strength, what level is given when there is trace activity but unable to move joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When grading motor strength, what level is given when joint can be moved, but not against gravity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When grading motor strength, what level is given when one can oppose gravity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When grading motor strength, what level is given when strength is subnormal, but can oppose some external resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When grading motor strength, what level is given to normal strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Characteristics of lower motor neuron damage |
|
Definition
Individual muscles may be affected; Atrophy pronounced (up to 80% of bulk); Flaccidity & hypotonia of affected muscles with loss of DTRs; Plantar reflex, if present, is flexor; Muscle fasciculations are present |
|
|
Term
Characteristics of upper motor neuron damage (exhibit inhibitory effect on lower motor neurons) |
|
Definition
Muscles affected in groups; Atrophy slight & due to disuse; Spacticity w/hyperactive DTRs (clonus seen) & extensor plantar reflex (Babinski sign) |
|
|
Term
Resting muscle tone is decreased in |
|
Definition
Acute spinal shock; lower MN disease/peripheral neuropathy; cerebellar disease |
|
|
Term
Resting muscle tone is increased in |
|
Definition
Upper motor neuron disease. Specifically, lead-pipe rigidity and cogwheel rigidity are seen in extrapyramidal disease (e.g. Parkinson's) |
|
|
Term
Functions lost in cortical strokes |
|
Definition
Actions of hand & face; sensory; speech/aphasia |
|
|
Term
Functions lost in lacunar strokes |
|
Definition
Typically purely motor or purely sensory losses (small losses of cortical neurons) |
|
|
Term
Characteristic of CN innervation of the larynx, tongue, neck, jaw & upper face |
|
Definition
Bilateral, such that there are no unilateral findings unless a nucleus (e.g. hypoglossal) or CN is involved. For example, Bell's palsy is unilateral lesion of CN VII with ipsilateral paralysis, whereas a UMN lesion gives contralateral paralysis of lower face only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs in posture of repose & suppressed with activity (e.g. Parkinson's, which usually disappears with activity & complete relaxation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Appears with action & worsens as goal is reached; cerebellar in etiology |
|
|
Term
Postural (or action) tremor |
|
Definition
Becomes evident with action & includes hyperadrenergic, physiologic, alcohol withdrawal, & essential tremor |
|
|
Term
Benefit of normal walking assessment |
|
Definition
Less sensitive but more specific for abnormality |
|
|
Term
Benefit of tandem walking (heel-to-toe) assessment |
|
Definition
More sensitive but less specific for abnormality |
|
|
Term
Requirements of normal gait (5) |
|
Definition
Motor strength; Vestibular system function; Position sense; Intact cerebellum; Functional basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coordinates complex muscular activity including posture and gait; Incorporates visual & vestibular input to maintain balance; Has connections with eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Attempted rapid alternating movements are slow, irregular or clumsy. Indicates cerebellar dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
Affect on attempted rapid alternating movements in presence of UMN disease (e.g. cortical CVA) |
|
Definition
Slow and deliberate movements |
|
|
Term
Point-to-point testing in patients with cerebellar dysfunction may reveal |
|
Definition
Intially overshooting the mark (dysmetria); Coarse intention tremor, which often worsens with approach to the target; Consistent deviation to one side (past pointing), which also indicate vestibular disease; If point-to-point is normal with eyes open but becomes abnormal with closed eyes: suggests position sense dysfunction |
|
|
Term
Basic abnormal gait: Cerebellar ataxia |
|
Definition
Wide-based, unsteady, lateral veering (e.g. MS, tumor) |
|
|
Term
Basic abnormal gait: Sensory ataxia |
|
Definition
"stamp & stick" gait. Looks at ground (e.g. B12 deficiency, tabes dorsalis) |
|
|
Term
Basic abnormal gait: Festinating |
|
Definition
Shuffling steps with rigidity; lower body appears to be chasing upper body (i.e. Parkinson's) |
|
|
Term
Basic abnormal gait: Steppage or equine |
|
Definition
Inability to dorsiflex foot (e.g. trauma to Peroneal nerve, Charcot-Marie-Tooth) |
|
|
Term
Why is fat especially important in the newborn's diet? |
|
Definition
Because it's required to continue myelination of their nerves |
|
|
Term
When does the posterior fontanel normally close? |
|
Definition
It's present at birth (1-2 cm) and closed by 2-4 months |
|
|
Term
When does the anterior fontanel close? |
|
Definition
It's present at birth (4-6 cm) and closed by 7-18 months. |
|
|
Term
When do the sutures usually close? |
|
Definition
They're closed by 2 years old. |
|
|
Term
By what age should the eyes track together (no strabismus)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What color(s) do you want to see in the choroidal reflex and which is bad? |
|
Definition
Want to see red or gray (in pigmented people). White could indicate retinoblastoma or congenital cataract (e.g. due to congenital rubella). Can't send baby home without seeing red reflex. |
|
|
Term
What is remarkable about the lymph nodes in children? |
|
Definition
They are often larger than in adults, they may enlarge, and they may never go down or only regress after 10 years old. |
|
|
Term
What is special about nuchal rigidity in children? |
|
Definition
It is only a useful sign of meningitis after 12 months old. |
|
|
Term
What is the pattern of respiratory rate change with age between infants, adolescents and adults? |
|
Definition
infants>adolescents~=adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mostly inspiratory (but can also be expiratory when severe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mostly expiratory (but can also be inspiratory when severe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe tanner staging for pubic hair |
|
Definition
1) No hair 2) Occasional fine 3) Few coarse curly 4) Mons pubis covered 5) Down to thighs 6) Up to belly button in males |
|
|
Term
Describe tanner staging for male genitals |
|
Definition
1) Almond-sized testicles 2) Testicles >1.5 mL 3) Penis lengthens 4) Penis widens 5) Adult |
|
|
Term
Describe tanner staging for female breasts |
|
Definition
1) No glandular tissue 2) Breast bud 3) Breast more elevated 4) Secondary areolar mound 5) Mature breast |
|
|
Term
What to suspect if child has hip click? |
|
Definition
Dislocated hip, refer to pediatric orthopedics |
|
|
Term
What to suspect if newborn has high fever +/- joint swelling |
|
Definition
Infectious arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
What is the pattern of jaundice distribution in children? |
|
Definition
Starts at the face and if worse descends down the body |
|
|
Term
What are the 5 components of the Apgar score? |
|
Definition
1) Heart rate 2) Respiratory effort 3) Muscle tone 4) Reflex irritability 5) Color |
|
|
Term
How are Apgar points assigned for heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How are Apgar points assigned for respiratory effort? |
|
Definition
0=Absent
1=Slow and crying
2=Good and crying |
|
|
Term
How are Apgar points assigned for muscle tone? |
|
Definition
0=Flaccid 1=Some flexion of the arms and legs 2=Active movement |
|
|
Term
How are Apgar points assigned for reflex irritability? |
|
Definition
0=No responses 1=Crying 2=Crying vigorously |
|
|
Term
How are Apgar points assigned for color? |
|
Definition
0=Blue, pale 1=Pink body, blue extremities 2=Pink all over |
|
|
Term
What is the most common reason for a child to get a 9/10 Apgar score? |
|
Definition
Acrocyanosis is common since hands and feet are last to turn from blue to pink so they get 1/2 for color. |
|
|
Term
Classify these three ranges of 1-minute Apgar scores 1) 0-4 2) 5-7 3) 8-10 |
|
Definition
1) Severe depression, requiring immediate resuscitation 2) Some nervous system depression 3) Normal |
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Term
Classify these three ranges of 5-minute Apgar scores 1) 0-7 2) 9-10 |
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Definition
1) High risk for subsequent central nervous system as well as other organ system dysfunction 2) Normal |
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Term
What is the general pattern of flexibility regarding preterm and normal term babies and what is the one exception? |
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Definition
Preterm babies are usually MORE flexible than normal term babies (e.g. heel to ear, scarf sign), HOWEVER term babies can do hand-on-forearm at wrist flexion. |
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Term
What are a few other things seen in preterm babies? |
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Definition
Popliteal angle: greater flexion (smaller angle) Transverse plantar creases: fewer creases Lanugo hair (24-32 weeks gestational age) Thin and translucent skin |
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Term
What is something seen in post mature infants? |
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Definition
Peeling & cracking skin. May also release meconium in utero, which they may inhale & die. |
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Term
What are the vitals of a normal term baby? |
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Definition
HR ~140, RR ~30-60*, BP not done routinely *Must measure RR for full minute because breathing is irregular |
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Term
What is the pattern in weight loss/gain for newborns? |
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Definition
Lose weight for first few days. Should be back to birth weight by 2 weeks. |
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Term
What is the word for large head circumference at birth? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the word for small head circumference at birth? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the pattern for Jaundice in newborns. |
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Definition
NOT normal at day 1. Normal on days 2,3,4,5 due to dehydration, get phototherapy to prevent brain deposits. Worse in breast-fed babies. |
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Term
What are some normal derm findings in newborns? |
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Definition
Sebaceous retention cysts on nose or chin; Milia (sebum/keratin-filled cysts); Mongolian spots (blue/green bruise-like patches); Erythema toxicum (baby rash/allergy to being born, eosinophilic white center), seen at day 2 or 3; Stork Marks/Angel Kisses Cutis marmorata (resolve with warmth) Forceps bruising (rare today) Capillary hemangioma |
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Term
What is a cavernous hemangioma? |
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Definition
A skin lesion that consists of interconnecting venules, usually full of platelets; thrombocytopenia may be a complication; should be treated |
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Term
What is Caput succedaneum? |
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Definition
Scalp edema/free flowing fuid that moves when pressure is applied. Usually resolves on its own. |
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Term
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Definition
Subperiosteal hematoma/blood trapped below the periosteum; its boundaries are defined by the bones/it won't move past the midline if pushed. Usually resolves, but may cause pain. |
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Term
What are some things that tongue protrusion is associated with? |
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Definition
Hypothyroidism, small oral cavity, Down's syndrome |
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Term
What are some causes of early cyanosis (blue babies)? |
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Definition
The 5 Ts: Tetralogy, Transposition, Truncus, Tricuspid, TAPVR |
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Term
What are some causes of late cyanosis (blue kids)? |
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Definition
(Different from FA): Eisenmenger's complex; Pure pulmonic stenosis; Tetralogy of Fallot; Large septal defects |
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Term
How serious are umbilical hernia in newborns? |
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Definition
Over 90% resolve by 4-5 years; they're more common in African-Americans. |
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Term
Contrast FAS and Down Syndrome Facies |
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Definition
Head size: Down: short & rounded Palpebral fissues: FAS: short, Down: upslanting Nasal bridge: FAS: low, Down: flat Epicanthal folds: FAS: present, Down: prominent Ears: FAS: minor abnormalities, Down: small & low-set Tongue: FAS: Down: relatively large Palmar creases: Down: single transverse Eyes: Down: Brushfield's spots Midface: FAS: flat Nose: FAS: short Philtrum: FAS: indistinct Upper lip: FAS: thin Jaw: FAS: micrognathia |
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Term
Compare infant stool between breast fed children and formula fed children. |
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Definition
Breast fed: more like pea soup Formula fed: darker, with more consistency |
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Term
What is the normal gestational age? |
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Definition
Full term is 37-42 weeks. Preterm is <37. Postterm is >42. |
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Term
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Definition
The cheesy white material of sebum and desquamated cells on newborns, especially in the labial folds. |
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Term
When would you notice CHF in a newborn? |
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Definition
It manifests as dyspnea on exertion. It may be noticed as tiredness during feeding. |
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Term
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Definition
Abnormally placed urethral opening in males. |
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Term
What GI findings do you need to see before sending a newborn home? |
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Definition
Perforate anus and passage of stool. Also chech for myelomeningocele (spina bifida) while you're back there. |
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Term
Weakness, fatigue, ptosis, diplopia, nasal speech and dysphagia are classic signs of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Ipsilateral ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis are symptoms of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Fixed dilated pupil, ptosis and lateral eye deviation are symptoms of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Horner's syndrome is caused by what? |
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Definition
Pathologic involvement of sympathetic chain. E.g. cancer, spinal cord disease, neck tumro, vascular aneurysm/dissection |
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Term
Finger nail pitting is associated with what diseases (2)? |
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Definition
Psoriasis and Iron Deficiency Anemia (although the latter is ass'd with Koilonychia/"spooning of finger nails" in case it is different) |
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Term
What deficit(s) are present in Syringomyelia? |
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Definition
Pain and temperature sense lost; posterior columns remain intact. |
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Term
These findings are characteristic of what disorder that is present in the far east(?): mouth aphthous ulccers; genital ulcers; cutaneous lesions; uveitis; joint pain; vasculitis, phlebitis & meningoencephalitis; pulm. a. rupture a cause of death; GI bleeding from ulceration. |
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Definition
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Term
What disorder has these characteristics(?): Recurrent fractures, usually before puberty; triangular-shaped face; blue sclera; hearing loss; scoliosis; loose joints; brittle teeth |
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Definition
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