Term
| Who are the 1st vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
what did the first vertebrates have?
(hint: 4 things) |
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Definition
*Jaws
*Brains
*Appendages
*Internal organ system found in all vertebrates today |
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Term
How old is the oldest species?
Where was is found? |
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Definition
524 mill yrs old
Southwestern China |
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Term
-1st fishlike fossils appeared ~ 500 mya
-Heavy armor & bony scales on head and thorax
-Cartilage skeleton
-Suspension feeders (lack teeth or jaws) |
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Definition
Ostracoderms
(shell-skinned) |
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Term
| Ostracoderms have how many superclasses? |
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Definition
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Term
1)Pteraspidomorphi(jawless)
2)Anaspida(terminal mouth)
3)Thelodonti(terminal mouth)
4)Osteostracomorphi(jawless) |
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Definition
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Term
| Jamoytius (Anaspid group) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Class Placodermi
(that thing that looks like a snapper turtle) |
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Definition
*Heavily armored or scale plated (30-50% of body)
*Benthic
*neck hinge; huge mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| small marine of fresh water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lobe finned
(Thought to have initially diversified in the sea, returned to freshwater by late Devonian) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Likely intermediate form between lobe-finned fishes and amphibians
~400 mya
-Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers
-Primitive lungs |
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Term
| Evolution of Chondrichthyes |
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Definition
| Ancestors’ had bone then went back to cartilage to reduce weight |
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Term
Pursuit – Chasing
a)Off shore
b)Near shore/Inshore |
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Definition
a)stream line, sliver, quick, lunate tail to maintain high speed, fusiform torpedo shaped body
b) marglunate tail for burst of speed |
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Term
| what are some examples of Prey Immobilization?... |
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Definition
Billfish- uses its long bill to stare fish
Sawfish – uses teeth on its bill to kill fish
Torpedo ray- electricity to stun the fish
Archerfish |
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Term
| What is a example of Speculative Search? |
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Definition
| Goatfish-barbles on the surface to look for food |
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Term
| Blending into the background is a example of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Lie in wait (bentic) or Aggressive Mimicry |
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Definition
*Modified first dorsal fin
*Cryptic body shape &color
*Large mouth
*Long backward facing teeth
*Lure (Esca) |
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Term
Lie in wait(water column)
(think Finding Nemo) |
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Definition
-Elongate, flexible bodies
-Long snouts
-Numerous, sharp teeth |
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Term
| Thanatosis (death feigning) |
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Definition
- Drops to bottom and lies on side.
- Plays dead and attacks smaller fish.
- Moves on to new group.
- 7/30 mins |
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Term
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Definition
-Long guts, high ingestion rates, highly acidic stomachs.
-Some possess endossymbiotic bacteria (surgeonfishes, sea chubs)
-Often territorial (damselfish) |
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Term
Achieving Invisibility
Countershading |
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Definition
| Dark Dorsal / Light Ventral |
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Term
Achieving Invisibility
“Mirror sided” |
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Definition
-Reflecting platelets are
vertical within scales.
-Fish must remain vertical
- Causes flashes |
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Term
Achieving Invisibility
Transparency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*Aposematic coloration- alerting that you have defends
*Going Air Borne- get away from the water
*Discouraging capture & handing- spines, ext. |
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Term
Group Living: Antipredator advantages
a)Shoaling:
b)Schooling: |
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Definition
a)swimming is unorganized
b)polarized, parallel, and swimming in the direction |
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Term
| Fishes conunate with visual signals like... |
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Definition
-Movement / Posture
-Color
*adaptive signifinace to color
*red is common |
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Term
| Disruptive colors or patterns on eye |
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Definition
- Intraspecific recognition
- Confuses predators
- Camouflage
- Disguise eye
- Eyespots on caudal peduncle |
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Term
| Grinding hard structures (pharyngeal teeth, jaw teeth, bones in sockets, spines) |
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Definition
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Term
using gas bladder to amplify sound
-attached muscles (fastest contractions of all verts)
-rubbed by adjacent hard structures (stridulation) |
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Definition
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Term
body movement creates sound
-Changing speed and direction; shoaling/schooling
-Byproduct, but can be detected by predators |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of Fish Nurseries |
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Definition
shallow (shelter, temp)
High primary production (also microbial production) |
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Term
| Potential Nursery Habitat |
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Definition
-Sea Grass
-Mangrove
-Coral Reefs
-Any structed habitat
-Salt Marsh |
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Term
A habitat is a nursery for juveniles if:
its contribution per unit area to the production of individuals that recruitment to the adult population is greater, on average, than production from other habitats in which juveniles occur. |
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Definition
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Term
Consideration of 4 factors
(Nurseries) |
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Definition
1) Density
2) Growth
3) Survival of Juveniles
4) Movement to adult habitat
(reproduction or ontogenetic habitat shift) |
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Term
Ecological Implications
- Resident taxa may undergo niche compression during summer months when transients are present (Ruiz et al., 1993).
- Time spent in the intertidal likely affects foraging success, risk of predation, and movement of energy between habitats.
- Temporal partitioning of intertidal habitat may reduce competition &/or predation and as a result, may contribute to high nekton abundance and the potential nursery function of salt marsh systems.
- Shallow water with a depth gradient is likely important to small nekton, especially in areas of declining structural refuge. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Grass shrimp = 31
Mummichog = 29
Spot = 14
Pinfish = 3
White Mullet = 73 |
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Term
| Mesopelagic fish adaptations... |
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Definition
- Large eyes (up to 50% of head)
- Large pupils
- Elongates eyes
- Increases sensitivity |
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Term
-Low rates of metabolism & enzymatic reaction
-Eliminlation of heavy structres (bones,scales ect.)
-Elimination of body muscular
-Hovering behavior
-Surface neuromasts |
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Definition
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Term
Habitat Alteration
*Modification/destruction of bottom type (woody debris, coral, trawling)
*Channelization (straightening length and smoothing sides)
*Dam building
*Watershed perturbation (groundwater, logging, siltation, temp change)
*Competition for water |
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Definition
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Term
Established US authority over
- all fishing activities within 200 nm EEZ
- Anadromous fishes within entire US range
- all fishing on continental shelf
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- Mandate to establish optimal fishing yields
- Reauthorized in January, 2007
- Deadline to end ALL overfishing by 2011
- Uses market based incentive to replenish stocks (quotas) |
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Definition
| Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 1976 |
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