Term
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Definition
A measure of the spread about the mean value.
68% of values fall within 1 s.d of the
mean...95% 2 s.d of the mean |
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Definition
| sample selected without bias |
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Definition
| A graphical representation of the variability of the data |
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Definition
| Used to deduce the significant difference between 2 sets of data |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1 set of chromosomes (gametes) |
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Term
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Definition
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest unit of life
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Invention of microscope
-Robert Hooke observed the first cells of a cork in 1665
-Leeuwenhoek observed first animal cells
-Schleiden observed plant cells
-The second statement has been gaining support, there is no living entity without at least one cell.
-Louis Pasteur conjured an experiment that boiled chicken broth, sterilizing it and proving that cells come from pre-existing cells. |
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Term
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Definition
-As SA increases, cell size increases, but V increases even faster, SA:V ratio decreases.
-A larger SA:V ratio means that the cell can be more EFFICIENT
-The rate of metabollic activities of the cell is a function of CELL VOLUME
-Rate of exchange of material (diffusion) is a function of SA |
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Term
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Definition
* Metabolism; chemical reactions inside the cell, including cell respiration to release energy
* Response; perceiving and responding to changes in the environment
* Homeostasis; keeping conditions inside the organism within tolerable limits
* Growth; an irreversible increase in size
* Reproduction; producing offspring either sexually or asexually
* Nutrition; obtaining food, to provide energy and the materials needed for growth |
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Term
| Magnification calculation |
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Definition
| Magnification = Measured Size of Diagram ÷ Actual Size of Object |
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Term
Relative Sizes
Molecules
Membrane
Virus
Bacteria
Organelle
Most cells |
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Definition
* Molecules - 1 nm
* Thickness of membrane - 10 nm
* Viruses - 100 nm
* Bacteria - 1 µm
* Organelles - up to 10 µm
* Most cells - up to 100 µm |
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Term
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Definition
| Interaction of component parts: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some genes but not others. |
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Term
| The function of Stem Cells |
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Definition
| Stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways |
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Term
| How do prokaryotic cells divide? |
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Definition
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Term
| List Functions of 5 proteins |
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Definition
Channel Proteins: active transport across the protein
Protein Pumps: passive transport across the membrane
Enzymes: used in cell surface reactions
Adhesion Proteins: binding cells together
Neurotransmitter Proteins: communication btw cells |
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Term
| Why are virus cells non-living? |
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Definition
| They are simple particles consisting of DNA and RNA wrapped in a protein coat. Viruses are not considered alive because they have no metabolism and they require a host to live. Viruses do not carry out all the functions of life, therefore they are not living. |
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Term
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Definition
+ examine living organisms
+ allow to see specimen in color
- low resolution/low magnification
- not in 3D/ no ultrastructure |
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Term
| Electron Microscope (+/-) |
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Definition
+ has a higher resolution/ larger magnification
+ allow specimen to be seen in 3D
- specimen must be dead
- specimen can only be seen in black and white |
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Term
| Smallest, Longest and Biggest Cell |
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Definition
-Bacteria (2-10 microm)
-Nerve cell (up to 2m)
- Biggest: ostrich |
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Term
| Therapeutic Applications of Stem cells |
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Definition
1) Parkinson's disease
2) spinal cord injury
3) diabetes
4) bone marrow disease |
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Term
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Definition
1) embryo
2) fetus
3) placenta/ blood cord
4) adult tissue (bone marrow+ hepatic cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Activation of genes in a sequence |
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Term
| What is stem cell cloning? |
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Definition
| Invitro culturing tissues using patients or donor stem cells used to replace lost cells |
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Term
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Definition
+ can provide a cure for fatal diseases
+ lead to future scientific discoveries
+ replace irreplacable organs
- can become a tumor
- against human right
- not always gaurenteed to work |
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Term
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Definition
| different parts of a whole organism interact with each other to give emergent properties |
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Term
| Define a Prokaryotic Cell |
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Definition
1) Lacks a nucleus (genetic code found in cytoplasm as a nucleotide)
2) Unicellular
3) Lacks organelles except for ribosomes + mesosomes
4) Reproduce asexually: Mitosis
5) Naked chromosomes (made of DNA only) |
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Term
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Definition
1) Has a nucleus (genetic material found inside)
2) mostly multicellular
3) have all necessary organelles
4) reproduce sexually" meiosis
5) Chromosomes= DNA+ protein (Histone) |
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Term
| Similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Definition
-Cell membranes
- cytoplasm |
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Term
| Function of Prokaryotic structure |
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Definition
- Mesosome: increase SA of cell membrane
- Ribosome: synthesize protein
- Pilli: Connect cell together, adhesion, catch substances
- Cytoplasm: semi-fluid where all rxns take place
- Flagellum: movement/ motility
- cell membrane: protects + regulates the passing of materials in+out
- plasmid: folded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
1) has cell wall
2) has a chloroplast
3) Large central vacuole
4) lack centriole
5) store sugar as starch
6) cytokenesis: build cell plate
7) lack chlosteral
8) cell wall made of cellulose |
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Term
| Function of plant cell wall |
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Definition
1) Hold shape
2) prevent exces H20 uptake
3) hold plant against gravity |
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Term
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Definition
1) Lacks cell wall
2) Has a small vacuole
3) lacks chloroplast
4) has centriole
5) store sugar as glycogen/ lack starch granule
6) cytokenesis: cleavage fission
7) has chloesterol in cell
8) extra-cellular matrix called glycoprotein |
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Term
| Define Diffusion and Osmosis |
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Definition
Diffusion is a type of passive transport. It is the natural process where particles move from a high concentration to low concentration.
Osmosis is another type of passive transport. But it is specifically “water diffusion”, or thepassive movement of a concentration gradient in a liquid across a partially permeable membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
Double membrane
FCN: control all metabollic activities,
has double membrane b/c it contains all genetic material |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
Lacks ribosomes but has unique enzymes
(sex hormones, lipids, detox)
FCN: produce lipids, + aids in protein synthesis+ responsible for transporting materials or product of RER |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
has ribosomes in their Plasma Membrane
FCN: protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Free in cytoplasm
FCN: protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
-region organelles occur
-located in the PM, outer boundry of cell |
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Term
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Definition
FCN: work as UPS
sort modify, package + store the products of E.R |
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Term
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Definition
Found in plant cells
Carry out photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
centrioles form microtubules,
cell division, structure and movement |
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Term
| 3 Organelles that have double membrane |
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Definition
Nucleus
Chloroplast
mitochondria |
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Term
| Function of Plasma membrane |
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Definition
1) regulate/ control the exchange of materials
2) cell to cell recognition
3) support and protection |
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Term
| Components of Plasma membrane |
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Definition
1) glycoprotein
2) bilayer of phospholipids
3) Peripheral and integral protein |
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Term
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Definition
1- Carb
2- Protein
3- Lipid
4-nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
Molecule that contain carbon
w/ exception of
CO, CO2, CO3 (ion) |
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Term
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Definition
alcohol
sugar triose
acid
amino acid |
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Term
| Function of Plasma Protein |
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Definition
1) hormone receptor
2) cell to cell adhesion
3) acts as an enzyme
4) channel protein
5) electron carrier |
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